Cruiseline Industry Research free essay sample

Rather than a long and exhausting outing, voyage industry can offer an ideal one with brimming with fun. These days, there are a great deal journey organizations around the globe and Carnival Corporation, Princess Cruises and Royal Caribbean International are the most well known. Next the advancement of those organizations will be talked about so as to discover how they are worked and what sorts of changes they are finished. 1. The improvement of Carnival Corporation Carnival Corporation is the principal voyage administrator on the planet, gloating around dozen journey lines and around 100 boats with a complete traveler limit of more than 190,000. This organization was established in 1972 by Ted Arison and his previous classmate Meshulam Riklis. At that point, the main boat of Carnival bought was Mardi Gras( past name Empress of Canada). Despite the fact that its future journey went better and better, Arison needed to consider cutting the expense of each run, such as decreasing fuel utilization by diminishing the speed and the recurrence of stops it made because of the company’s obligation which was in excess of 5 million dollars. We will compose a custom exposition test on Cruiseline Industry Research or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that this was valid, the traveler would need to invest more energy in the excursion, so Arison included other worth included administrations diversion highlight, including dance club, disco, etc. Actually this was a transformation for the entire voyage industry to make the excursion fun. Likewise, Mardi Gras was called â€Å"Fun ship†. This was the piece of early improvement of Carnival. Next part incorporates the development and extension from 1970 to 1980. With the assistance of the hit TV arrangement The Love Boat, the journey business was rejuvenated. Around then, Arison purchased another 2 ships: the Carnival purchased in 1975; the Festivale purchased in 1977. In 1978, he likewise reserved the fourth boat, the Tropicale. As the aftereffect of extension, Carnival had three boats running multi week travels From Florida to Caribbean. In the start of 1980s, Arison requested three additional boats so Carnival claimed the biggest journey line armada with seven ships on the planet. Around 1980-1990, it had a huge change from vital view. So as to fill every one of these boats, Carnival utilized various types of advancement strategies. Right off the bat, Carnival exploited forceful promoting and publicizing techniques. Its showcasing station was â€Å"Fun Ship† promoting effort in 1984 through syndicated programs and the biggest system TV. Furthermore, Carnival attempted to pick up the help from trip specialists which could have suggested Carnival travels as the main decision to the clients. Thirdly, Carnival offered less expensive, shorter outings to draw in more youthful, progressively working class clients contrasted and past client fragments. Fair attempted best to run at full limit. Furthermore, Carnival focused on key acquisitions. Jubilee was not just purchasing the voyage transporting business (Holland America Line, 1988) yet additionally the organizations (Windstar Sail Cruises and Holland America Westours) that included inns. During the year following the securing, Carnival conveyed 579,000 travelers, producing $600 million in incomes and winning benefits of $196 million. † After that, it was another period for Carnival 1990-2000. There was no much critical change since the last time frame. In 1991, Carnival requested a 300 million dollar transport Sensation and a 315 million dollars transport Fascinati on. The biggest traveler transport Carnival Destiny which was at 101,000 tons and had space for 2,640 individuals set for sail in 1996. The super-extravagance journey line business for Carnival came in 1998 adding to Cunard’s five boats which is the QE2, THE Vistafjord, the Royal Viking Sun and Sea Goddess I and II. Around then, Carnival did the most significant securing the Cunard White Star Line. At that point the organization changed its lawful name to Carnival Corporation in 1998. Next stage was the new thousand years; it was difficult for Carnival to start with. There were a few reasons: the fear monger assaults in 2001; extreme intense respiratory condition (SAS); share value fell and benefits disappeared; enduring an onslaught for concealing illicit dumping. In 2002, Carnival obtained Princess Cruises with 5, 67 billion offers through the opposition with Royal Caribbean. 1980-1990 critical change Growth and Expansion 1970-80 Early history Founded in 1972 Strategic acquisitions A creative promoting Campaign Growth and Expansion 1990-2000 New thousand years The structure of the advancement of Carnival Corporation 2. The advancement of Princess Cruises â€Å"Princess Cruises is a British-American possessed voyage line, situated in Santa Clarita, California in the United States. † Princess Cruises was established in 1965. The initial two boats were Princess Patricia and Italia. At that point Princess Cruises was procured by the world’s biggest delivery organization with 320 maritime vessels which name was Britain’s Peninsular amp; Oriental Steam Navigation Company (Pamp;O) in 1974. With the improvement of its Cruise industry, P amp; O Princess Cruises gave more consideration to securing. In 1986, Pamp; O Princess Cruises gained Tour Alaska. After next two years, Sitnar Line was bought by P amp;O Princess Cruises and the entirety of its significant tonnage was moved to Princess which incorporates three ships under development.

Annotated Bibliography on the Connection of Money and Happiness

Explained Bibliography on the Connection of Money and Happiness Explained Bibliography on the Connection of Money and Happiness Brock, Henry. (1997). Your Complete Guide to Money Happiness. Heritage Publishing (NV); First Edition version. This book is essentially an aggregate idea on what cash is and its association with human joy. Something beyond an assortment of hypotheses and assessments from various different scholars and different pundits of the said idea; this perusing is more on using the realities that can add to the various issues that relate financial proprietorship to the conceivable satisfaction that human people are feeling (54). The creator Henry Brock is one of the most believed people with regards to conversation human conduct as it is entwined with the ability of one to possess certain properties and how these specific properties get a specific kind of fulfillment that recognizes a people capacity of encountering the genuine feeling of bliss (76). Acceptably, there are various issues that are concerned particularly with regards to human conduct. As per Brock, this specific recognizable proof of human conduct towards material belongings for all intents and purposes bodes well regarding what escalated comprehension of the association that is making people consider cash to be a wellspring of joy or fulfillment somehow or another. Dunleavey, MP. (2007). Cash Can Buy Happiness: How to Spend to Get the Life You Want. Broadway Publishing Edition. Is it genuine that cash can purchase joy? This is the essential inquiry that Dunleavey expects to force on this perusing. It could be seen that there are various alternatives of comprehension introduced particularly with regards to demonstrating or refuting if cash is fairly ready to give appropriate feeling of perceiving how fiscal belongings really influence the satisfaction that people are feeling towards their assets (56). Credibly however, rather than putting whether cash is a wellspring of genuine human bliss, it could be seen that the creator further selected to order on how cash could be for all intents and purposes utilized appropriately to have the option to give genuine joy. He further selected to introduce potential ways that could be utilized to really order the correct utilization of cash that isn't inordinate and not subject to over utilization of material belongings (88). It couldn't be denied that material belongings give bliss; anyway being less ready to control the need of obtaining them gives a bigger number of issues than that of the fulfillment that they should provide for their proprietors. Because of this, the creator himself emphasizes on the need to see things in parity to have the option to feel the genuine importance of what satisfaction is about. Forthcoming, Robert. (2010). Extravagance Fever: Money and Happiness in an Era of Excess. Princeton University Press. Through this perusing, Robert blunt had the option to call attention to that todays society is covered profound on the motivation of needing something. It could be seen that some way or another there are various issues that are viewed as with regards to the issues of taking care of the potential outcomes of being caught with regards to the equalization that individuals proposes on their view with respects their necessities and their need of the said properties. For all intents and purposes, the need of having the advantage of life has assumed control over the unmistakable vision that people have over their needs and the commonsense vision that they have with regards to the things that they just deeply desire. There are various proportions of thought that are best ready to control that the thinking about the individuals towards the distinctive material needs and needs that they expected to have as a major aspect of their own properties. Honestly, it could be seen that through inspecting the general public, the creator had the option to draw out the way that social weight influences that view of people with regards to their comprehension on how much significant cash truly is. Hooper, David. (2007). Guide for Living: Law of Attraction - How to Attract Money, Love, and Happiness. Princeton University. The association of fulfillment with cash is obviously one of the most significant issues that are best ready to assist people with getting the fulfillment that they ask for from their lives. As indicated by the writer of this composition, it could be seen that the various choices of finding out about the components of fulfillment essentially gets into appropriate position particularly with regards to commanding how human people need to carry on with their requirements and their wants. Needeleman, Jacob. (1998). Cash, Money, Money: The Search for Wealth and the Pursuit of Happiness. House Publishing. Once in a while, it could be seen that showcasing presents bliss in a type of individuals possessing properties and having what they need when they need it. Acceptably, it could be seen that during that time advertising has forced on utilizing the shortcomings of people as far as getting their enthusiasm for comprehending getting the benefit that they look for from the most significant markets that they should serve. Clearly, it could be seen that this methodology of compatibility have been best viable in giving the showcasing business he consideration that they need from the market that they are focusing on. To put it plainly, it has been exceptional demonstrated that people have this specific discernment over proprietorship that essentially causes it simpler for them to feel bliss once they get the material things that they have under lock and key. Rauley, Laura. (2007). Cash and Happiness: A Guide to Living the Good Life. Wiley Publishing. Enjoy a luxurious lifestyle has for the most part been associated with getting a lot of placated with what one as of now has throughout his life. It couldn't be denied that some way or another, with the numerous things that the world offers today, being placated isn't such a simple assignment to do neither one of the its is a simple decision to make. The social weight is simply profoundly exceptional that most people are as of now less ready to settle on specific choices that could set them into agreeing to basic things. Through this perusing, Rauley can discover better ways with regards to how much satisfaction ought to be seen by people. She further noticed that some way or another, people should better material belongings in a much adjusted manner that could for all intents and purposes permit them of seeing the genuine advantages that these specific proprietorships could bring them. Hone stly, it couldn't be denied that despite the fact that people are given excessively, they despite everything have the decision to settle just for what they essentially need.

SCI103- Science and Technology Lab Course_ PHASE 3_IP3 Report

SCI103-Science and Technology Course_ PHASE 3_IP3 - Lab Report Example Vegetation surface sort diminishes the measure of overflow since vegetation gives close to nothing if any impenetrable surface zone. Thusly, light precipitation delivers next to no or no overflow (Factors influencing spillover, n.d.). Smooth mountain rock surface builds the measure of overflow in light of the fact that there is lacking vegetation spread to lessen the measure of uncovered surface. Also, the territory of the region makes it inclined to spillover on the grounds that the precarious slanting expands the descending progression of water in this manner expanding the amount of soil that is removed with the water (Yong, Mulligan, and Fukue, 2006). Uncovered soil surface sort expands the measure of overflow more than vegetation surface sort, however not exactly smooth mountain rock surface. This perception can be credited to the absence of vegetation spread on the uncovered soil, which opens the oil to overflow. In any case, the nonappearance of a lofty incline some way or another hinders the pace of development of water conveying soil in this way making the pace of spillover not as much as that on an uneven territory (Perlman, 2012). Vegetation eases back down and forestalls the loss of residue by empowering the dirt to be compacted to the ground. Thusly, the chance of silt being diverted by running water is decreased fundamentally. Vegetation hinders the speed of water development over the outside of the ground. In this manner, water has more opportunity to be in contact with the ground prompting more assimilation of water thus more prominent penetration (Beven, 2012). Asphalt or smooth stone spillovers influence conduits by on causing downstream flooding since a great deal of water is conveyed to the conduits. There is little soil on such surfaces henceforth no hindrance of conduits. Substantial residue stores influence conduits by clogging them and hindering the development of water. Moreover, there is contamination of conduits when the silt contain harmful substances, for example, nitrogenous composts from agrarian ranches. Thusly,

Quality Management Tools & Techniques Assignment - 1

Quality Management Tools and Techniques - Assignment Example By outwardly watching the histogram, it is conceivable to decide if the procedure is in charge. In this paper, the capacity investigation for singular factors is applied utilizing Minitab. This examination yields a procedure ability report in any event, when the information for the factors are not typically appropriated. For this situation, the assembling procedure delivers a solitary hard drive utilizing three particular procedures, thus the use of this strategy is reasonable so as to assess each procedure autonomously. In that capacity, histograms of the information for each procedure will be produced, which will assist with checking whether the procedures are in charge. For this situation, three principle estimates will be utilized to assess the abilities of the three procedures including Cp, Cpk and PPM. The measure Cp is a file that estimates potential capacity of a procedure; that is, the ability of a procedure in meeting certain conditions. For a skilled procedure, Cp ought to be more noteworthy than one. The measure Cpk, then again, is a proportion of whether the procedure is fitting in with the necessary particulars (Bass, 2007). For a consummately focused procedure, Cpk ought to be equivalent to Cp. The measure PPM (parts per million) speaks to the quantity of defectives in each one million sections fabricated. By outwardly watching figure 1, the information isn't regularly conveyed. In fact, the information is by all accounts both bimodal and right-slanted. Nonetheless, the information esteems are inside as far as possible. The estimation of Cp = 1.41 is more prominent than one, which shows that the procedure is skilled. Also, the estimation of Cpk = 1.30 is practically equivalent to that of Cp subsequently the procedure is focused. On the general execution, for each one million hard drives created by the producer, 18.29 parts will surpass as far as possible on the lower particular breaking point (LSL) side while 238.83 parts will surpass the cutoff on the upper

How Owning a Dog or Cat Can Reduce Stress

How Owning a Dog or Cat Can Reduce Stress Stress Management Household Stress Print How Owning a Dog or Cat Can Reduce Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 22, 2020 Cavan Images / Getty Images More in Stress Management Household Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Relationship Stress When thinking of ways to reduce stress in life, usually techniques like meditation, yoga, and journaling come to mind. These are great techniques, to be sure. But getting a new best friend can also have many stress relieving and health benefits. While human friends provide great social support and come with some fabulous benefits, this article focuses on the benefits of furry friends: cats and dogs. How Having a Pet Can Help Lessen Stress Research shows that, unless you’re someone who really dislikes animals or is absolutely too busy to care for one properly, pets can provide excellent social support, stress relief, and other health benefitsâ€"perhaps more than people. The following are more health benefits of pets. Improves Your Mood For those who love animals, it’s virtually impossible to stay in a bad mood when a pair of loving puppy eyes meets yours, or when a super-soft cat rubs up against your hand. In addition to the social support, stress relief, and general health benefits pets can bring, research supports the mood-enhancing benefits of pets. A recent study found that men with AIDS were less likely to suffer from depression if they owned a pet.?? Helps Control Blood Pressure Yes, it’s true. While ACE inhibiting drugs can generally reduce blood pressure, they aren’t as effective in controlling spikes in blood pressure due to stress and tension. Research has concluded since the mid-Nineteen Eighties that there are positive physiological effects, especially lowered blood pressure, to petting dogs and social interaction with companion animals. Touch, the actual act of petting the dog, appeared to be the major component of the so-called pet effect.?? Encourages You to Get Moving Whether we walk our dogs because they need it, or are more likely to enjoy a walk when we have companionship, dog owners do spend more time walking than non-pet owners, at least if we live in an urban setting. Most people with dogs will likely tell you that they enjoy their walks more because of the companionship of their pets, and perhaps even the feeling of being part of a community of other pet lovers. Because exercise is good for stress management and overall health, owning a dog can be credited with increasing these benefits. Helps With Social Support When we’re out walking, having a dog with us can make us more approachable and give people a reason to stop and talk, thereby increasing the number of people we meet, giving us an opportunity to increase our network of friends and acquaintances, which also has great stress management benefits.?? Staves off Loneliness and Provides Unconditional Love Pets can be there for you in ways that people can’t. They can offer love and companionship, and can also enjoy comfortable silences, keep secrets, and are excellent snugglers. And they could be the best antidote to loneliness. In fact, one study found that nursing home residents reported less loneliness when visited by dogs alone than when they spent time with dogs and other people.??  All these benefits can reduce the amount of stress people experience in response to feelings of social isolation and lack of social support from people. Pets Can Sometimes Reduce Stress Even More Than People While we all know the power of talking about your problems with a good friend who’s also a good listener, research shows that spending time with a pet may be even better. One study showed that, when conducting a task that’s stressful, people actually experienced less stress when their pets were with them than when a supportive friend or even their spouse was present.?? This may be partially due to the fact that pets don’t judge us; they just love us. A Word From Verywell It’s important to realize that owning a pet isn’t for everyone. Pets do come with additional work and responsibility, which can bring its own stress. However, for most people, the benefits of having a pet outweigh the drawbacks. Having a furry best friend can reduce stress in your life and bring you support when times get tough.

Innovative Activities of Firms Research Paper - 825 Words

Implications of Globalization on the Innovative Activities of Firms (Research Paper Sample) Content: IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES OF FIRMSNameInstitution AffiliationIntroductionGlobalization has had a major effect on innovative activities of business entities in the US, and the rest of the world as well (Lucas, 2012, p. 3). Innovative activities are, however, depending on the business environment surrounding a business. This paper seeks to highlight how globalization, and other factors that make up a business environment, affect innovation in the US.Features of the Business Environment in the USA business environment is comprised of the surrounding situation within which a business operates. It is a collection of political, social, cultural, economical, physical, technological, legal, and global factors/globalization that affect how a business operates (Jain, Trehan, and Trehan, nd, p. 250). These forces put together, create a social-economic-political situation, which is known as the business environment.Business environments vary from country to country, or even region to region (Jain, Trehan, and Trehan, nd, p. 111). For instance, the business environment in Afghanistan is different from that one in the US. Again, a business environment is very dynamic, and unpredictable, because it is determined by external factors (Jain, Trehan, and Trehan, nd, p. 253).Aspects which are likely to promote innovation in the USThe current administration of the US, has embraced innovation for its contribution to economic growth and improved well-being. As such, the US President, Barrack Obama launched the Strategy for American Innovation in November 2010 (Obama, 2011, p. 1). This is an indication that there is sufficient support for innovation and creativity.Aspects which are likely to promote innovation are political, legal, technological, social, and global factors. Innovation is a sure way to growth and development, and to achieve such growth, there should be policies that back up innovation. Political and legal authorities are responsible for creating such policies, and this explains why political and legal factors are listed among the aspects that encourage innovation in the (US Obama, 2011, p. 1).The technological force also, promotes innovation in the US in a huge way (Obama, 2011, p. 1). Technology keeps changing and growing every day, and the US has played a good fit in keeping up with the changing technology. It is one of the countries that have taken huge strides to develop its technology. This keeps promoting the need to innovate and create more ways, and ideas to make use of the available technology. Besides that, technology has a number of benefits to people. Innovation is a sure way for people in the US to keep enjoying these benefits.There are several social problems in the US that affect the quality of life. Such include health and education issues (Obama, 2011, p. 3). People need to come up with solutions to such social problems. As many people will say, need is the mother of innovation. As such, it is right to conclude that these social problems are a driving force of innovation.Looking at the global factors, there is a lot of competition around the globe for various prospects. This includes competition in business, and any other platform used to define growth and development (Obama, 2011, p. 4). Various countries will encourage innovation and creativity to ensure that they outdo competition wherever they can. The US has done well to this bid, and stakeholders are doing their best to ensure the country remains at the top when it comes to innovation.Obstacles that firms might encounter when trying to encounter innovationA major obstacle that firms are likely to encounter when working towards innovation is the lack of funds. The US government has already played its role by setting aside funds for research projects meant to yield innovations (Obama, 2011, p. 6). However, these funds do not get to everyone or everywhere where they are needed. Only a few are lucky enough to get the funding, be it from the government, or any other institution.Another obstacle is having a culture in workplaces that encourages innovation (Fernando, 2011, p. 64). If employees are motivated, they will go out of their way to create and innovate things that will in turn, benefit the society, and the economy at large. Most workplaces do not have a system through which employees can give their ideas and make their contributions towards innovation.To leverage the peculiarities of the national innovation system, innovative firms should create links with other private, and public business entities, universities, and public research systems. This way, all stakeholders can take part in joint research, personal exchanges, purchase of needed equipment, as well as cross-patenting (OECD, 2012, p. 9). Such efforts are needed to promote innovation in the country.Personal view on whether investing in the US would promote innovationI am of the opinion that investing in the US would promo te innovation. Economic investors have indicated that investing in the US is key to a stable economic future, and an ability to forge solutions to existing problems (Fernando, 2011, p. 78)...

We Need Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay - 2259 Words

In 1981, Scientists found a way to extract embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos. Years later, in 1998, a method to extract stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells in the laboratory was discovered. The main purpose was to use the cells ability to regenerative as a method of treating diseases. As time went by, people started to oppose the idea of using embryonic stem cell for research. So, funding that helped continue research on embryos started to decrease. This conclusion came from some people considering that embryonic stem cells research was similar to killing babies. Others thought that research on adult stem cells was less controversial than research on embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cell research leads to the†¦show more content†¦But there are many factors to where someone would donation an embryo to a clinic. From a couple’s inability to keep the child to a mother risk of dying in the process of birth. As beautiful as the birth of life seems, i t is a dangerous process that could end the carrier’s life. The idea others are getting is that these embryos were created for the purpose of reproduction, not to be test experiments. From a poll, participants’ view of the point at which life begins, which was sometimes linked to their religious beliefs, had an impact on whether they found the use of embryonic stem cells acceptable. â€Å"Where do you draw the line between human being and embryo?† (Australia, Public). One question towards embryonic stem cells is that if it were approve, then who would fund this research? One source would come from taxes payer money. Polls have shown that though many people approve the research on embryonic stem cell, the favor of using their tax money to support this research is not likely to happen. On August 9, 2001, President Bush announced his decision to restrict the use of federal funds for research on human embryonic stem cells to those cells that had been removed from embryos on or before that date (NIH Stem Cell Registry). So, since George W. Bush Administrations policy on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research was added. The policy towards embryonic stem cell research has placed extremely seriousShow MoreRelatedIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical?951 Words   |  4 PagesIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical? The introduction and expansion of embryonic stem cell research initiated a highly debated ethical topic. Can our society agree to disagree? What are embryonic stem cells? What are stem cells? Is all stem cell research considered abortion? Debates surrounding embryonic stem cell research is further complicated by social standards and needs, religious beliefs, and personal morals. In November of 1998, a group of researchers announced that theyRead MoreIs Stem Cell Research Ethical?1252 Words   |  6 Pages Is Stem Cell Research Ethical? The question that has been asked so many times, is stem cell research ethical? To argue ethics over this topic, one must first know what a stem cell is.Stem Cells are â€Å"cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells† (Stem Cell Basics: Introduction). The National Institutes of Health say that stem cells are distinguished for two different reasons. The first is â€Å"they are unspecialized cells capable of renewingRead MoreStem Cell Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pagesbe treated with the use of embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of human embryo. In simpler terms, these cells have the ability of developing into any of the two hundred different cell types in our bodies. Unlike most of the cells in our bodies, such as heart cells or skin cells, which conduct a specific function, a stem cell does not have a specific function until it is specialized (Ho gan). A stem cell that is becoming specializedRead MoreSupport of Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic stem cell is one of the most controversial, widely discussed medical issues in the United States today. The medical use of stem cell raises difficult moral and political questions. To understand about embryonic stem cell. I thought we should discuss what embryonic stem cells are. According to Scientific American; June 2004, embryonic stem are derived from the portion of a very early stage embryo that would eventually give rise to an entire body. Because embryonic stem cells originate inRead MoreStem Cells And Stem Cell Research1477 Words   |  6 Pagessociety is that of stem cells. Stem cells are the cells in the early human developmental stage that form to be any type of cell. Not only do these cells have the ability to transform, but they also act as the body’s repair system. With this knowledge, the scientific community has used these traits to help cure diseases and even save lives. However, there is a problem using stem cells for research. There are two kinds of stem cells that exist, Somatic stem cells and embryonic stem cells. The firstRead MoreEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Francois Rabelais, the famous Renaissance humanist, once said, â€Å"Science without conscience is the death of the soul† (Rabelais, Francois). Since the late 1960’s, this has been the stance for opponents of embryonic stem cell research. This is saying, if we are willing to take a fertilized embryo and kill it before it has even had time to develop, where is our conscience, our heart? We consider this form of stem cell research to be immoral and unethical. ScientistsRead More Stem Cell Research Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cell Research In light of the continued advancement of technology and research in the medical field, there have been some groundbreaking developments that have been heralded as indications that scientific research can produce remarkable results when it is integrated with technology. Since the turn of the 20th century, major breakthroughs like the discovery of DNA and the development of anti-retroviral drugs for HIV/AIDS have been cited as the reason why scientific research especially in theRead MoreResearch On Stem Cell Research Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages Stem Cell Research James A Merritt PIMA Medical institute Embryonic stem cell research is a controversial topic. In the religious aspect its man trying to play the authority of GOD on whether people should live, die or suffer from ailments and injuries. On a scientific and medical aspect it is compassionate people lookingRead MoreFor years, scientists have been using stem cells to help cure diseases and research different1000 Words   |  4 Pagesusing stem cells to help cure diseases and research different illnesses that come from deformed cells. In recent years, however, a debate has risen over where we should get these stem cells from. Because of the way stem cells are helping sick individuals and furthering research, the use of stem cells shouldn’t be stopped. The sources from which stem cells are acquired, however, should be limited. While acquiring adult stem cells is completely safe and productive, using embryonic stem cells is unethicalRead MorePersuasive Essay : Stem Cell Research1489 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Essay Stem Cell research and its funding have caused a lot of controversy throughout the past years. Stem cells are cells that are present in all living organisms. These cells have the potential to grow into any type of cell, including blood cells, nerves, muscles, and pancreatic cells. Stem cell research is essential because of the beneficial aspects it has to offer. Stem cells could potentially treat conditions such as Alzheimer s, Parkinson s, birth defects, strokes, Diabetes, cancer

The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde - 768 Words

Psychological Freud’s belief was that mental health and psychological wellness requires a harmonious relationship between the different parts of the mind and a lack of harmony can lead to neurosis. Plato invented the original tripartite and Freud expanded on it in 1923. The tripartite is divided into the sections: The Superego, the Ego, and the Id. The Superego is basically the conscience of our mind. The Ego is consciousness created by the combination of the Id and Superego. The Id is having thoughts of instincts and drives which are necessary to satisfy. In Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, we see the main characters representing the Superego, Ego, and Id. The Superego is representative of our conscience and is opposite of the id. â€Å"Superego† comes from Latin and really means â€Å"above the ego†. It is the greatest power of our mind. The superego is what most people would call the conscience or where a god would be. The Superego is a basis for how we view the world, social norms, and morals. Also, as the Superego portrays the conscience, it holds our sense of wrong and right. We have to follow the needs of the Superego or else we might feel some guilt or shame. Freud said that the Ego is the mediator between the Id and Superego and the outside world. For the Ego to do its job, it has to delay the desires of the Id until it is socially acceptable to give the Id the needs. So our conscious-driven Ego is a balance of the Id and Superego, evening out our primal needsShow MoreRelatedThe Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde800 Words   |  3 PagesOne of Oscar Wilde’s most challenging themes, not only in his writing, but also in his professional life, is that of formulating an authentic identity in the realism of a hedonistic, pleasure-seeking lifestyle without boundaries. By first looking at this challenge in all its facets, it will be easier to comprehend the fundamental theme in his book The Picture of Dorian Gray. In his professional life, Wilde became known for his short stories, poems, plays, his only novel, and his wit. Wilde becameRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Grey, by Oscar Wilde771 Words   |  4 Pageswithout losing the other, due to their conflicting natures. While the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray brings out the central question â€Å"Is it better to pursue Aesthetics or Morality?† it describes the life of Dorian Gray, who constantly sought to maintain his appearance at the cost of his morals, and answers the question by revealing the consequences of living Mr. Gray’s â€Å"beautiful† lifestyle. In the novel, Oscar Wilde depicts the explosion of aesthetic philosophy in higher English society duringRead MoreThe Theme of Decadence in the Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of decadence in The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde Staring from the definition found in the dictionary, the decadence is a literary movement especially of late 19th-century France and England characterized by refined aestheticism, artifice, and the quest for new sensations. [1] In decadence, important is not necessarily what is seen, but the hermeneutics: what man feels when he sees the creative result of this feeling. It is the current that requires a co-operationRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Picture Of Dorian Gray And Frankenstein701 Words   |  3 PagesOscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Grey, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, are considered classics in modern literature, as they are known for their captivating plot lines and unique writing styles. While both novels share similarities in their use of syntax, as well as their overall structure, The Picture of Dorian Grey and Frankenstein are almost complete opposites when it comes to the execution of these elements. The use of syntax in The Picture of Dorian Grey and Frankenstein are utilized forRead MoreProposal for A Narcissistic study of The Picture of Dorian Grey919 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ A Narcissistic study of The Picture of Dorian Grey General Overview Oscar Wilde’s The picture of Dorian Grey’s novel is about a young man named Dorian Gray, the subject of a painting by artist Basil Hallward. Basil is impressed by Dorians beauty and believes his beauty should not be wasted and it is responsible for a new mode in his art. Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, a friend of Basils, and becomes enslaved by Lord Henrys world view. He shows him a new hedonism, and suggests the only thingsRead MoreEssay on Oscar Wildes Success at a Gothic Novel1489 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will be looking at how successful Oscar Wilde was at creating a gothic novel. I will be using Edgar Alan Poe’s short story The Fall of the House of Usher and the film Bram Stokers, Dracula and the The Picture of Dorian Gray. In this essay I will be looking at how successful Oscar Wilde was at creating a gothic novel. I will be using Edgar Alan Poe’s short story ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ and the film ‘Bram Stokers, Dracula’ and the earlier version ‘Nosferatu’ asRead MoreImmortal Literary Combat: Against Nature vs. Thoreau1290 Words   |  5 Pagesis to Dorian Grey, as Henry David Thoreau is to Christopher Mccandless; The story of Des Esseintes, in the book â€Å"À rebours† changed Dorian Grey, it, among other things, influenced him to commit horrible atrocities like manipulation, and murder. Just as Henry David Thoreau’s book â€Å"Walden,† along with many other great literary works, enlightened and influenced Chris Mccandless to go back-packing across the country in pursuit of a life full of adventure, simplicity, and contingency. Dorian Grey andRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Picture Of Dorian Grey And The Count Of Monte Cristo1191 Words   |  5 PagesIn both Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Grey and Alexandre Dumas’s The Count of Monte Cristo the main characters are lend to believe in a greater notion of life. Specifically, Oscar Wilde and Alexandre Dumas appear to illustrate the idea that one cannot better themselves through others. Both protagonists, Dorian Grey and Edmond Dantà ¨s fail to recognize and act on their own fortune and, consequently, seek out to better themselves which eventually leads to their downfall. In both The PictureRead MoreIs Masculinity Defined Within The Comedy?2332 Words   |  10 Pagesforms but specifically in the portrait â€Å"Dr. Pozzi At Home† by John Singer Sargent and the book â€Å"The picture of Dorian Grey† by Oscar Wilde. The question I want to address is how was masculinity defined in the victorian era by these artist and how did this have an affect on society and their perception of the victorian man. There were many controversies, a mighty significant one surrounding Oscar Wilde, about how these artist defined masculinity and how they presented the victorian man with not onlyRead More Essay on the Human Spirit in Frankenstein and Picture of Dorian Grey757 Words   |  4 Pages Similarities of the Human Spirit innbsp;Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Greynbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; The human spirit is one of the most beautiful forces in the world, but it is also one of the most vulnerable. In the novels Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde, this idea of the human spirit is portrayed clearly. Both novels have similar aspects about the human spirit, but they also have their differences. Both novels have main characters who

Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 1713 Words

In the novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury states the negative effects of technology. Bradbury illustrates a society where books are banned and people entertain themselves with parlor walls, which is a TV. One of the characters Mildred, who is the wife of Montag, a fireman who is paid to burn books. Mildred is always attached to technology and can’t get away from it. She is usually watching the parlor or listening to her seashell earbuds. Bradbury uses the literary element of indirect characterization on Mildred to suggest how she is selfish and thoughtless, examining the negative effects of technology when one constantly uses it and relies on it which causes obsession and over-reliance towards technology leading one to not think critically†¦show more content†¦The word ‘family’ reveals how Mildred relies on technology like a real family instead of caring and being warm-hearted towards her husband, who is her actual family. In addition, it represents Mildr ed’s obsession towards the parlor. The word ‘sick’ shows that Montag needs care from someone and Mildred is not helping him, by not even decreasing the volume for a sick husband who is continually asking her to turn it off, indicates that Mildred has no care for her husband. Mildred’s subsequent reliance on technology makes her inseparable from it, trying to stay with technology all the time and not caring what happens to others hence making her selfish. Mildred’s egocentric behaviour is also illustrated when she puts the alarm when Montag brings the books to home and reads them in a society where they do not allow books. â€Å"She ran past with her body stiff, her face floured with powder, her mouth gone, without lipstick. ‘Mildred you didn’t put in the alarm!’ She shoved in the valise in the waiting beetle, climbed in and sat mumbling, ‘Poor family, poor family, oh everything gone, everything gone, everything gone nowâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ (114). Mildred turned in Montag to the firehouse for having books. Mildred knew the consequences of what will happen when she puts in the alarm. Everything in the house will be destroyed along with the parlors that she loves. Also, Montag is going to be arrested for possessing books but Mildred still decides to report Montag because she wants herShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511721 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature slowly disappear from the minds of the population? This is the question that Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, attempts to answer. In this book, he describes a hypothetical world in which the population not only avoids reading, but has made owning books an unthinkable crime, with all books discovered burned, along with the houses of those who hoarded them. In this dystopian future created by Bradbury, the beauty that is literature has been replaced in society by television programs andRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511358 W ords   |  6 Pagesnotice them, books were outlawed, knowledge was forbidden, and memories were hard to come by? In the 1950 novel Fahrenheit 451, author Ray Bradbury presents a society which invokes much thought about the way we live in society today. It’s a story about a lifestyle in the future that has evolved from our present, but in seemingly different worlds. Through the protagonist, Guy Montag, Bradbury makes a wider point about the dangers that a society can present. The government of this future forbids itsRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451976 Words   |  4 PagesGuy Montage from Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 would be similar to life without a choice. Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 demonstrates how excessive use of technology affects a person’s relationship. Montage is the protagonist of the novel who is a fireman. Montage lives in a world where his job is to burn books, and initiate a fire. The government is trying to outlaw the use of books in the city. Bradbury portrays this new wo rld through the character of Montage. Bradbury describes Montage’sRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511120 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuality suppression, and the ever-growing gap between upper and lower class. The United States is heading down the path of becoming a dystopian society. Citizens in the United States have the same general behavior as those in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451. This novel features a world where cars are fast, music is loud, and watching television is the main way to spend free time. People rarely make time for each other, rarely imagine and form their own opinions, and rarely take the timeRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512532 Words   |  11 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a magnificent masterpiece written to aid in visualizing what a distant future dystopian society would look like; one in which everyone lives in the fast lane, technology is at its crowning, void of human relations and instant satisfactions, as well as gratifications, are constantly being pursued. The novel was written during the era where communism and the holocaust began to sprout. Mr. Bradbury, being a patriot of his country, feared that society was leaning towardRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 Pagesnot ac cepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fires, instead of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. These are exaggerated ideas right off the bat, yet Ray Bradbury carries the readers through the story in order to show them his own outlook on the future- in fact, all dystopianRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512451 Words   |  10 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, is a prime example of social criticism. The story sets in the 24th century where people race jet cars; the author’s idea of the future. It shows a flawed social structure, controlled by the media and government with banning and burning of books, and suppressing society’s minds from history. Their logical thought was that it would keep society from thinking too much, which in t urn would prevent bad thoughts, and to keep them â€Å"happy all the time†. The book tells a storyRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512071 Words   |  9 Pageslives? In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury depicts a society that is immersed in technology, which becomes an obsession for most of its people. Bradbury also describes the negative effects that come with this technology, especially losing essential human traits like communication and common sense. Finally, Bradbury sends the message that technology is so powerful that it not only controls certain people, but an entire society as well. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes the dangers

Freedom In America - 2258 Words

The United States of America is and has always been very close to realizing democracy’s ideal of a country where there is â€Å"liberty and justice for all†, though a number of factors have conspired to move the country away from them in the past, and threaten to do so in our immediate future. Though their outcomes have varied considerably over the years, the main factors causing the U.S to stray from its ideals of freedom and equality have always been one or both of the following factors—discrimination and war. These factors are perennial, affecting every nation that has ever existed and probably every nation that will exist, and our nation’s reaction to them has been on par with that of every other nation in a similar position. From†¦show more content†¦One such factor is war. During World War I, the Espionage Act of 1917 was used to jail prominent critics of American intervention in the war—among them, Eugene V. Debs, four-time president ial candidate (Ball, 146). Shortly after the war ended, A. Mitchell Palmer used the powers granted by the act to conduct mass arrests and deportation of hundreds of foreign residents (Emert, 54, 55, 56). During World War II, the federal government forcibly relocated thousands of Japanese Americans into what were essentially concentration camps (Cooper, 10, 11). The Japanese internment was implemented in the name of combating a virtually non-existent military threat, for fear that Americans of Japanese descent might aid the Empire of Japan (Cooper, 63). After the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon and the declaration of the War on Terror, the USA PATRIOT Act was hurriedly conceived and passed into law (Ball, 38). Included in the law were provisions for roving wiretaps, the sharing of information between criminal probes and intelligence agencies and secret searches of private property in violation of the Constitution (Ball, 57, 74, 81). War has always been a major contributor to the detriment of civil liberties in all nations, andShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Freedom Of Freedom1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Since 2011, the Freedom House has classified Mexico as a purple, or a â€Å"not free† country in its annual Freedom of the Press report. The upraise of violence in the country, stemmed from its war against drugs, has threatened Mexico’s freedom of expression and practice of journalism, undermining the foundations of the country’s democracy. During the last 12 years, 82 journalists have been murdered, 18 have disappeared and there have been 33 attacks on media outlets according to the NationalRead MoreEssay on Freedom In America889 Words   |  4 Pages America is the universal symbol of freedom. But is it really free? Does the history of the United States stay true to the ideas of our forefathers? Or has the definition been altered to fit American policies? Has freedom defined America? Or has America defined freedom? I believe America was at first defined by freedom, then after time, America defined freedom, altering the definition to fit the niche it fi ts in, but still keeping key components so it still seems to be staying true to theRead MoreAmerica Is Considered For Its Freedom1616 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica is known for its freedom. Freedom to speak your opinion, freedom to practice any religion that you choose, and freedom to criticize the government. American’s are able to have the power or right to act, speak, or even think about almost anything they wanted to without restraint from the government or from other people. Migrants from other countries come to the United States to have a chance at freedom. To raise a family away from war torn cities or harsh governments. They come to AmericaRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom In America1256 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom has been present in American literature and American history ever since this country was formed. Ever since the colonists declared independence from England, freedom has been the staple of America and it continues to be as many people leave their ho mes and come to our country just to seek it. The Declaration of Independence started the need for freedom and later documents such as What Is The Fourth of July to a Negro continued the prospect of everyone deserving freedom in America. EveryoneRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States Of America1603 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans, in this rightfully proud nation of The United States of America, have freedom and liberty set amongst the highest of our ideals. Generations were born and raised in this country. They were taught to always respect and cherish the rights and liberties given to us, the people, that were earned and are still being bravely defended to this day. Our rights were earned and are defended by our courageous, gun wielding soldiers. Currently, in this turbulent time of politics in our nation,Read MoreThe Importance Of Freedom In America793 Words   |  4 PagesAustin—a city renowned for its strives towards liberation—glimmers as a hub of cultural vibrancy in Texas. This city excludes itself from the conservative frame of mind that is deeply embedded within Texan culture, and its people celebrate the freedom to explore their human identity through self-expression. The live music here charms listeners, drawing them out to bars, clubs, backyards, garages, churches, and concert halls, filling the air with harmonies that comprise the spirit of Austin. PerformersRead MoreThe Religious Freedom Of America2138 Words   |  9 Pages Religious Freedom of America In this is paper I’m going to tell you about the religious freedom we have in America and how it’s uniquely American. There are many reason we have religious freedom in America, One being that it’s a law. I’m going to tell who wrote the bill of rights that made religious freedom a law and why they wrote it. I’ll tell you about the people who fight in war just to make sure we have this freedom among other freedoms. I’ll talk about how America is one place whereRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : America3324 Words   |  14 PagesAmerica is a land whose roots are nourished by equality, opportunity, and freedom. The first amendment that our forefathers sought to proclaim was that of freedom of speech. In doing so, all men were allowed to speak their minds, regardless of how it might impact someone else. This was a concept that was relatively marred since its conception in ancient Greece. Free loving nations have always sought to increase the happines s of its citizens, yet it has always failed. America is a benchmark of libertyRead MoreReligious Freedom in America569 Words   |  2 PagesFrom the beginning the United States of America was formed, it has been founded and established by religious toleration and freedom. Without religious freedom, people are forced to comply with laws and policies that blatantly contradict their beliefs. This results in people living their lives in a struggle between their personal beliefs and obeying the laws that are placed before them. Obviously upholding personal convictions is very important, but people are forced to decide if it is personallyRead MoreAmerica Is A Country Of Freedom2427 Words   |  10 PagesThe United States of America is a country of freedom, a quality highly desired by many non-Americans. As Americans, the Bill of Rights grants each of us native-born Americans with certain freedoms. For example, we have the freedom of religion, the freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of petition, and freedom to bear arms. In addition to these freedoms, we also have the freedom to receive a free public education. As a future educator, this freedom directly affects me

Respiration System of Animal Free Essays

1. Respiration System of animal: The respiration system is important to all animals, this system interacts others system in our body to provide energy and maintain life. Animals inbreathe oxygen, the body though metabolic process to produce ATP (energy source) and carbon dioxide, finally, carbon dioxide would be exhaled to animal body. We will write a custom essay sample on Respiration System of Animal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Operation System in company: Company provides some resources such as place, money, human resource. Managers operate the activities in the company and make decisions. The output in this system is the profit or loss of the company. . A firm can survive and succeed in the long run if it successfully develops strategies to confront 5 competitive forces that shape the structure of competition in its industry. These include rivalry of competitors within its industry, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of customers and bargaining power of suppliers. Some competitive strategies can be used to minimize the competitive force: cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, innovation strategy, growth strategies and alliance strategies. . The more suitable hardware peripherals for input in a retail operation are touch screen and optical scanning. The touch screen can provide a more user friendly interface to the staffs, even though they have less computer knowl edge. Also, optical scanning can provide the faster and easier usage. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and matrix printers are suitable for a retail operation, because LCD provide a thin, flat display to use less space. Furthermore, matrix printers can use less time to make some copies in the same time. In using the secondary storage for a retail operation, hard disk drives are more suitable. Hard disk drives allow higher speeds, greater data-recording densities, and closer tolerances within a sealed, more stable environment. Nowadays, the capacity of hard drives is up to many terabytes of storage, it can use less space to save more data in one hard disk drive. How to cite Respiration System of Animal, Papers

Convergence In Technology Essay Example For Students

Convergence In Technology Essay Convergence in Technology The concept of a global village or a united community around the world has only in these last few years become a concept widely thought of. However, it seems that the idea of a large-scale sharing of information has long been developing, whether intended or not. The tools of communication have long served a single purpose, that of transmitting information from people to people. Direct communication was long ago realised with sign language and speech, but when people spread out, a kind indirect communication was needed. Thus we created (or rather, hired) the messenger. (Necessity is the mother of invention.) This evolved later into a postal service, connected around the world by a network of synchronised offices of a similar nature. For a long time, indirect communication was the only way to communicate over long distances. Once the telegraph came along, however, people were able to instantly communicate information over long distances. This evolved somewhat into the telephone, which spawned the radio and television. As these were developed, the efficiency and clarity of these transmissions improved, and this allowed the world to know what was happening anywhere else in the world at any given time. At this same time, programmable computers were finally coming to be used. Information was input to these machines and stored on tapes that could be put onto different computers to be run. This paralleled postal mail in a form of indirect communication. However, computers were also already based in intercommunication, because computers are systems of smaller functioning devices connected to perform a function or process. The evolution of computers communicating then evolved by extending direct connections between these large systems, sharing information. With the invention of the modem, computers could communicate piggybacking a system that people already used. As the modem developed, communications speeds increased. The state of convergence b egan when people were communicating increased types of information through these computers. First program data, statistics, stock market quotes, news, specific interest information, and finally personal information. Computers became a method of communication within themselves. The increased usage of modems for things like e-mail and on-line forums came about even before the Internet. Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) had a short-lived but popular life in the years leading up to the many commercial Internet providers we see today. As communication increased in popularity in this on-line form, companies became conscious of these opportunities and began to advertise on-line. This mark a point of acceleration, because once Corporate America finds an opportunity to turn a profit, then almost anything can become a growth industry. BBSs became more elaborate with colourful interfaces, developed their own client software for ease of use, and formed networks of several bulletin boards permanentl y connected to provide an increased realm of communication. This concept of large interconnected networks brought recognition to the long established government networks such as ARPA-Net, and those used with universities and libraries to exchange information. When these were combined, they formed massive networks circling the globe, which provided for long distance communication between computers instantaneously. Commercial providers spawned, giving access to this network to individuals from the comfort of their homes. As the technology evolved, such as in the development of HTTP and HTML, the Internet became easy to use and appealed to people other than those highly experienced with computers. To simplify the experience even further, companies tried to cut out the computer in the equation, shaping technologies like E-mail capable cell phones and WebTV. Conversely, as people were able to use TVs for the internet, TV cable companies began to use their massive house-to-house networks of previously laid dedicated cable (which was higher in quality to the traditional telephone lines) to offer the internet on faster, dedicated lines, that conveniently did not tie up phone lines while in use. (This improving technology also allowed us the bandwidth to connect an Internet phone call with someone any distance away, with excellent clarity and no long distance fees.) Other combinations of computers and television are available in Cable TV tuner cards that allow users to watch TV programs on their computers, but computers can also use televisions now instead of the regular monitors. New High Definition TVs also offer high-resolution images comparable to those of a large computer monitor when supplied with a digital TV signal. So where are all of these combinations of current and developing technologies leading to? Well, through trial and error, some of these will no doubt lose popularity or disappear due to redundancy. We are now given the choice to use our computer, con nected through the internet via our TV cable outlet and displayed on our High-Definition TV, to watch a TV show broadcast via the internet. The ultimate point of convergence I envision for the future is a single fibre-optic cable in our homes (perhaps brought to us by ShawTel?) as a conduit to what we know now as the Internet. Fad appliances like WebTV will be eliminated due to their inadequateness and will be replaced by integrated systems within a household. They will provide for our entertainment needs with interactive broadcast programs, news reports of only the stories or areas we request, and communication via a video and audio connection to anyone, anywhere in the world. This battle for supremacy over who will control the future of communication will be fought largely between the telecommunications companies and the Cable TV companies. Perhaps mergers will be sought, or some companies will be run out of business because of their inability to keep up. Millions of dollars will be lost and billions will be made, but the end product will create a closely-knit global community, able to communicate instantly regardless of language or location. computers and their effect on society By: jay Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the U.S. and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has it changed the American society. *From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of peoples lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computers ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to pr ogramming rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascals father who was a tax collector (Soma, 32). In the early 1800s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed byand stored data oncards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punchcards. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device (Soma, 46). After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. Ho wever, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest (Osborne, 45). Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Gulliver, 82). Since the population of the U.S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool in tabulating the totals. These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines (IBM), Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations. By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digit s. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, and memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the worlds business computing and a good portion of the computing work in science (Chposky, 73). By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts. Aikens machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations. Also, it had special built-in programs to handle logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully autom atic and could complete long computations without human intervention (Chposky, 103). The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military. New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator. It could multiply two numbers at the rate of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was thus about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of computers (Dolotta, 47). ENIAC used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space, and used about 180,000 watts of electricity. It used punched-card input and output. The ENIAC was very difficult to program because one had to essentially re-wire it to perform whatever task he wanted the computer to do. It was, however, efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used in many applications from 1946 to 1955 (Dolotta, 50). Mathematician John von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In 1945 he undertook a theoretical study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple and yet be able to execute any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computers. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted (Hall, 73). The first wave of mod ern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in 1947. This group included computers using random access memory (RAM), which is a memory designed to give almost constant access to any particular piece of information (Hall, 75). These machines had punched-card or punched-tape input and output devices and RAMs of 1000-word capacity. Physically, they were much more compact than ENIAC: some were about the size of a grand piano and required 2500 small electron tubes. This was quite an improvement over the earlier machines. The first-generation stored-program computers required considerable maintenance, usually attained 70% to 80% reliable operation, and were used for 8 to 12 years. Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming. This group of machines included EDVAC and UNIVAC, the first commercially available computers (Hazewindus, 102). The U NIVAC was developed by John W. Mauchley and John Eckert, Jr. in the 1950s. Together they had formed the Mauchley-Eckert Computer Corporation, Americas first computer company in the 1940s. During the development of the UNIVAC, they began to run short on funds and sold their company to the larger Remington-Rand Corporation. Eventually they built a working UNIVAC computer. It was delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951 where it was used to help tabulate the U.S. population (Hazewindus, 124). Early in the 1950s two important engineering discoveries changed the electronic computer field. The first computers were made with vacuum tubes, but by the late 1950s computers were being made out of transistors, which were smaller, less expensive, more reliable, and more efficient (Shallis, 40). In 1959, Robert Noyce, a physicist at the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, invented the integrated circuit, a tiny chip of silicon that contained an entire electronic circuit. Gone was the bulky, u nreliable, but fast machine; now computers began to become more compact, more reliable and have more capacity (Shallis, 49). These new technical discoveries rapidly found their way into new models of digital computers. Memory storage capacities increased 800% in commercially available machines by the early 1960s and speeds increased by an equally large margin. These machines were very expensive to purchase or to rent and were especially expensive to operate because of the cost of hiring programmers to perform the complex operations the computers ran. Such computers were typically found in large computer centersoperated by industry, government, and private laboratoriesstaffed with many programmers and support personnel (Rogers, 77). By 1956, 76 of IBMs large computer mainframes were in use, compared with only 46 UNIVACs (Chposky, 125). In the 1960s efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computers with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with the completion of th e LARC machine for Livermore Radiation Laboratories by the Sperry-Rand Corporation, and the Stretch computer by IBM. The LARC had a core memory of 98,000 words and multiplied in 10 microseconds. Stretch was provided with several ranks of memory having slower access for the ranks of greater capacity, the fastest access time being less than 1 microseconds and the total capacity in the vicinity of 100 million words (Chposky, 147). During this time the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of computer capabilities, as well as various computer-related equipment. These included input means such as consoles and card feeders; output means such as page printers, cathode-ray-tube displays, and graphing devices; and optional magnetic-tape and magnetic-disk file storage. These found wide use in business for such applications as accounting, payroll, inventory control, ordering supplies, and billing. Central processing units (CPUs) for such purposes did not need to be very fast arit hmetically and were primarily used to access large amounts of records on file. The greatest number of computer systems were delivered for the larger applications, such as in hospitals for keeping track of patient records, medications, and treatments given. They were also used in automated library systems and in database systems such as the Chemical Abstracts system, where computer records now on file cover nearly all known chemical compounds (Rogers, 98). The trend during the 1970s was, to some extent, away from extremely powerful, centralized computational centers and toward a broader range of applications for less-costly computer systems. Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining and electrical-power distribution systems, began using computers of relatively modest capability for controlling and regulating their activities. In the 1960s the programming of applications problems was an obstacle to the self-sufficiency of moderate-sized on-site computer install ations, but great advances in applications programming languages removed these obstacles. Applications languages became available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for computer operation of machine tools, and for many other tasks (Osborne, 146). In 1971 Marcian E. Hoff, Jr., an engineer at the Intel Corporation, invented the microprocessor and another stage in the deveopment of the computer began (Shallis, 121). A new revolution in computer hardware was now well under way, involving miniaturization of computer-logic circuitry and of component manufacture by what are called large-scale integration techniques. In the 1950s it was realized that scaling down the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and improve performance. However, at that time the manufacturing methods were not good enough to accomplish such a task. About 1960 photoprinting of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became highly develo ped. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by photographic means (Rogers, 142). In the 1970s entire assemblies, such as adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny chips of silicon. In the 1980s very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors are placed on a single chip, became increasingly common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The size-reduction trend continued with the introduction of personal computers, which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals (Rogers, 153). One of the first of such machines was introduced in January 1975. Popular Electronics magazine provided plans that would allow any electronics wizard to build his own small, programmable computer for about $380 (Rose, 32). The computer was called the Altair 8800. I ts programming involved pushing buttons and flipping switches on the front of the box. It didnt include a monitor or keyboard, and its applications were very limited (Jacobs, 53). Even though, many orders came in for it and several famous owners of computer and software manufacturing companies got their start in computing through the Altair. For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer, built a much cheaper, yet more productive version of the Altair and turned their hobby into a business (Fluegelman, 16). After the introduction of the Altair 8800, the personal computer industry became a fierce battleground of competition. IBM had been the computer industry standard for well over a half-century. They held their position as the standard when they introduced their first personal computer, the IBM Model 60 in 1975 (Chposky, 156). However, the newly formed Apple Computer company was releasing its own personal computer, the Apple II (The Apple I was the first comp uter designed by Jobs and Wozniak in Wozniaks garage, which was not produced on a wide scale). Software was needed to run the computers as well. Microsoft developed a Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) for the IBM computer while Apple developed its own software system (Rose, 37). Because Microsoft had now set the software standard for IBMs, every software manufacturer had to make their software compatible with Microsofts. This would lead to huge profits for Microsoft (Cringley, 163). The main goal of the computer manufacturers was to make the computer as affordable as possible while increasing speed, reliability, and capacity. Nearly every computer manufacturer accomplished this and computers popped up everywhere. Computers were in businesses keeping track of inventories. Computers were in colleges aiding students in research. Computers were in laboratories making complex calculations at high speeds for scientists and physicists. The computer had made its mark everywhere in society and built up a huge industry (Cringley, 174). The future is promising for the computer industry and its technology. The speed of processors is expected to double every year and a half in the coming years. As manufacturing techniques are further perfected the prices of computer systems are expected to steadily fall. However, since the microprocessor technology will be increasing, its higher costs will offset the drop in price of older processors. In other words, the price of a new computer will stay about the same from year to year, but technology will steadily increase (Zachary, 42) Since the end of World War II, the computer industry has grown from a standing start into one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the United States. It now comprises thousands of companies, making everything from multi-million dollar high-speed supercomputers to printout paper and floppy disks. It employs millions of people and generates tens of billions of dollars in sales each year (Malone, 19 2). Surely, the computer has impacted every aspect of peoples lives. It has affected the way people work and play. It has made everyones life easier by doing difficult work for people. The computer truly is one of the most incredible inventions in history. Bibliography Chposky, James. Blue Magic. New York: Facts on File Publishing. 1988. Cringley, Robert X. Accidental Empires. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing, 1992. Dolotta, T.A. Data Processing: 1940-1985. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1985. Fluegelman, Andrew. A New World, MacWorld. San Jose, Ca: MacWorld Publishing, February, 1984 (Premire Issue). Hall, Peter. Silicon Landscapes. Boston: Allen Irwin, 1985 Gulliver, David. Silicon Valey and Beyond. Berkeley, Ca: Berkeley Area Government Press, 1981. Hazewindus, Nico. The U.S. Microelectronics Industry. New York: Pergamon Press, 1988. Jacobs, Christopher W. The Altair 8800, Popular Electronics. New York: Popular Electronics Publishing, January 1975. Malone, Michael S. The Big Scare: The U.S. Coputer Industry. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Co., 1985. Osborne, Adam. Hypergrowth. Berkeley, Ca: Idthekkethan Publishing Company, 1984. Rogers, Everett M. Silicon Valey Fever. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Publishing, 1984. Rose, Frank. West of Eden. New York: Viking Publishing, 1989. Shallis, Michael. The Silicon Idol. New York: Shocken Books, 1984. Soma, John T. The History of the Computer. Toronto: Lexington Books, 1976. Zachary, William. The Future of Computing, Byte. Boston: Byte Publishing, August 1994.

Satyricon Essay Example

Satyricon Essay The Satyricon, like many other works written in the time of early Ancient Rome, is a narrative whose author is not known definitively. However, the best candidate from the time was Titus Petronius (Arbiter). The story, looking especially from the scene â€Å"Dinner with Trimalchio,† is a satiric masterwork of the pragmatic and materialistic attitude of the time, soon to be replaced by Christianity. â€Å"Dinner with Trimalchio† tells a tale from the perspective of Encolpius, a vagabond student of the master Agamemnon, who is invited along as a pupil of Agamemnon to a banquet. The host of the banquet is Gaius Trimalchio, who was once a slave but now a freedman millionaire, who worked hard to attain his power and wealthy status. Trimalchio is known for throwing elegant and overly extravagant dinner parties complete with exotic foods and fine wines. This banquet, however, takes a turn for the worst when Trimalchio, who is superstitious and very obsessed with his own death, begins describing in detail his tomb in which he will be buried, which is overly grandiose, and even goes as far as bringing out his will. Quickly the dinner party turns into a drunken circus, eventually coming to a conclusion after the guests, solely to tickle his fancy, act out Trimalchio’s funeral. ?I believe, in discord with critic John Wright, that Petronius in fact had a moral purpose for writing The Satyricon. Furthermore, I feel that there are underlying cultural traits that support ideas of divisions of social classes, the value of education, and the love of material wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Satyricon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Satyricon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Satyricon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because Petronius colloquially writes about serious topics including exposing blindness to spiritual values, distrust of the intellect, and preoccupation with the awareness of being cheated by one’s neighbor, some critics do not accept that he is writing on a much more incisive level. ? Petronius, in my opinion, wrote The Satyricon as a call for change in Roman society. Through his satirical writing, he specifically harps on the cultural traits of the time. For example, the man-centered society seems to be unjust and unequal for the women of the social order. Classical gender roles make the women behave as if they are second-class citizens, being grateful to be in the presence of a powerful male figure; where in actuality, Fortunata, Trimalchio’s wife, sold her jewelry to finance Trimalchio’s first wine selling business, which is how he made his millions. Without the help and generosity of Fortunata, Trimalchio would, himself, be a second-class citizen who struggles to pay for daily bread, like most of the poor lower-class Romans.? Another way Petronius exemplifies his purpose of writing this story is showing the importance of education in ancient Rome during the time, and how the culture valued it so much. Agamemnon, the scholarly teacher and friend of Trimalchio, is very well respected by the populace of the story. There is one passage in particular where Trimalchio tries to spark a conversation with Agamemnon about the stores of Hercules and Ulysses wherein Trimalchio makes obvious to Agamemnon that he is not well read in Homer’s literature, yet pretends to be. Trimalchio questions, ? â€Å"Do you remember the twelve labours of Hercules and the story of Ulysses—how the Cyclops tore out his thumb with a pair of pincers. I used to read about them in Homer, when I was a boy. In fact I actually saw the Sibyl at Cumae with my own eyes dangling in a bottle. †? This unintelligent miscue may not be noticed amongst the banquets’ crowd of guests, but among the educated individuals familiar with Homer’s work who will later reflect on the satirical comedy of the situation.? Perhaps one of Petronius’ most important reasons for writing The Satyricon is to show the evilness behind coveting material things and worshiping false idols. Trimalchio’s love for money and material wealth makes him stand out in the city, but as suggested by Petronius, for the wrong reasons. His taste for fine wines and glamorous cuisine at the lavish parties he throws—mainly to show off his great prosperity— is particularly revolting thought, knowing Trimalchio could easily share his riches with the hungry and suffering people of his city. Trimalchio does not know any god other than Mercury, the patron of business operations. He has dedicated a gold bracelet, worth one tenth of his total savings, to Mercury’s honor; but instead of depositing it into a shrine of the god, he wears it on his arm. Clearly Trimalchio is not humbled by the great fortune with which he is blessed. Petronius’ remarkable argument is that people, if fortunate enough to be as prosperous as Trimalchio, should not invest their savings in materialistic things and live o nicely, yet they should give back to those in need; for the true treasures in life are not made of gold and silver, it is more important to be spiritually rich. ? As for not having a moral purpose for writing such a profound satirical piece, I cannot agree with the critics. I accept the idea that Petronius was using this work as a tool for individuals to better themselves in cultural ways of thinking, the acceptance of others, and grow introspectively with consideration of the ideals of humility.

Sample Grade Essay - How to Find One

Sample Grade Essay - How to Find OneIf you are looking for a good way to get a sample grade essay in your writing class, there are two very good ways to do it. You can do an online search or you can actually contact the instructor.When students are researching for sample essays, they often overlook a great way to find one. Many websites have a search box that will let them find a lot of other students writing samples. In doing so they can quickly see if they like what they see.Some websites will even allow you to create your own school assignments, essays, or projects. While others allow you to submit your work. Regardless of which option you use it is always important to make sure the website has a reasonable fee before submitting.While searching online for a resource, you should do your research and find out where the online source is from. For example, if the source is actually one school district you should make sure it's worth it before clicking on the 'submit.'The best option w hen looking for a sample grade narrative essay is to find a school or teacher who uses that particular format. This way you know you are going to get a fair and honest opinion on your essay and it won't be biased.At the end of the day, your goal when using a sample essay in your writing class is to improve your grade. By finding a resource or guide that is unbiased and will give you the best advice possible you can get ahead of the game.Writing a good grade essay is not always easy, especially if you are just starting out. However, using a resource that are both a little outside of the box and one that is really reliable can help you be on your way to success with your writing course.

Free Essays on Sam Clemens

â€Å"Mark Twain† sounded and in one of his first books, ‘Life on the Mississippi’ about his four years piloting the Spread Eagle along the twisting river, he decided to use the name Mark Twain. Mark Twain stopped piloting the riverboat in 1861, at the start of the Civil War, to join the Union. He went to war for two weeks and left immediately after being involved in the shooting of a innocent person. He said he knew retreating better than it’s inventor did. He soon decided to travel 1,700 miles from the Missouri Territory , to the Nevada Territory. He passed through Overland City, Horseshoe City, and many other cities,large and small, in between. Clemens commented that Salt Lake City was healthy. He said that the city had one doctor who was arrested once a week for lack of work. Virginia City was very lively from all of the gold and silver found right by it. He commented that the saloons, courts and prisons were busy and there was a whiskey mill every fifteen steps. Inspired by the vein of silver as wide as a New York City street under Virginia City, Twai... Free Essays on Sam Clemens Free Essays on Sam Clemens Samuel Clemens Samuel Clemens was born and grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. This was the home of his later characters Tom Sawer and Huck Finn. In his books he incorporated features that really existed in Hannibal. Features like Holidays Hill, Bear Creek and Lover’s Leap were incorporated into his storys. Clemens described the residents of Hannibal as content with the lives they led in their small town. In his late teens, Clemens left Hannibal on a riverboat to become a printer in St. Louis. He moved up in the ranks of printing and moved to New York and eventually to Washington D.C. Clemens remembered how much fun he had had on the riverboat and how glorious it must have been to be a pilot. He soon decided to move to New Orleans to become a pilot. On the boat, he often heard things like ‘Mark the twain, two fathoms deep’. He liked how the words â€Å"Mark Twain† sounded and in one of his first books, ‘Life on the Mississippi’ about his four years piloting the Spread Eagle along the twisting river, he decided to use the name Mark Twain. Mark Twain stopped piloting the riverboat in 1861, at the start of the Civil War, to join the Union. He went to war for two weeks and left immediately after being involved in the shooting of a innocent person. He said he knew retreating better than it’s inventor did. He soon decided to travel 1,700 miles from the Missouri Territory , to the Nevada Territory. He passed through Overland City, Horseshoe City, and many other cities,large and small, in between. Clemens commented that Salt Lake City was healthy. He said that the city had one doctor who was arrested once a week for lack of work. Virginia City was very lively from all of the gold and silver found right by it. He commented that the saloons, courts and prisons were busy and there was a whiskey mill every fifteen steps. Inspired by the vein of silver as wide as a New York City street under Virginia City, Twai...

Timeline of Major US Public Land Laws and Acts

Timeline of Major US Public Land Laws and Acts Beginning with the Congressional Act of 16 September 1776 and the Land Ordinance of 1785, a wide variety of Congressional acts governed the distribution of federal land in the thirty public land states. Various acts opened up new territories, established the practice of offering land as compensation for military service, and extended preemption rights to squatters. These acts each resulted in the first transfer of land from the federal government to individuals. This list is not exhaustive, and does not include acts that temporarily extended the provisions of earlier acts, or private acts that were passed for the benefit of individuals. Timeline of U.S. Public Land Acts 16 September 1776: This Congressional Act established guidelines for granting lands of 100 to 500 acres, termed bounty land, for those who enlisted in the Continental Army to fight in the American Revolution. That Congress make provision for granting lands, in the following proportions: to the officers and soldiers who shall so engage in the service, and continue therein to the close of the war, or until discharged by Congress, and to the representatives of such officers and soldiers as shall be slain by the enemy: To a colonel, 500 acres; to a lieutenant colonel, 450; to a major, 400; to a captain, 300; to a lieutenant, 200; to an ensign, 150; each non-commissioned officer and soldier, 100... 20 May 1785: Congress enacted the first law to manage the Public Lands that resulted from the thirteen newly independent states agreeing to relinquish their western land claims and allow the land to become the joint property of all citizens of the new nation. The 1785 Ordinance for the public lands northwest of the Ohio provided for their survey and sale in tracts of no less than 640 acres. This began the cash-entry system for federal lands. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, that the territory ceded by individual States to the United States, which has been purchased of the Indian inhabitants, shall be disposed of in the following manner... 10 May 1800: The Land Act of 1800, also known as the Harrison Land Act for its author William Henry Harrison, reduced the minimum purchasable unit of land to 320 acres, and also introduced the option of credit sales to encourage land sales. Land purchased under the Harrison Land Act of 1820 could be payed for in four designated payments over a period of four years. The government ultimately ended up expelling thousands of individuals who could not make the repayment of their loans within the set time, and some of this land ended up being resold by the federal government several times before defaults were rescinded by the Land Act of 1820. An act providing for the sale of the land of the United States, in the territory north-west of the Ohio, and above the mouth of the Kentucky river. 3 March 1801: Passage of the 1801 Act was the first of many laws passed by Congress giving preemption or preference rights to settlers in the Northwest Territory who had purchased lands from John Cleves Symmes, a judge of the Territory whose own claims to the lands had been nullified. An Act giving a right of pre-emption to certain persons to certain persons who have contracted with John Cleves Symmes, or his associates, for lands lying between the Miami rivers, in the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio. 3 March 1807: Congress passed a law granting preemption rights to certain settlers in Michigan Territory, where a number of grants had been made under both prior French and British rule. ...to every person or persons in actual possession, occupancy, and improvement, of any tract or parcel of land in his, her, or their own right, at the time of the passing of this act, within that part of the Territory of Michigan, to which the Indian title has been extinguished, and which said tract or parcel of land was settled, occupied, and improved, by him, her, or them, prior to and on the first day of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety six...the said tract or parcel of land thus possessed, occupied, and improved, shall be granted, and such occupant or occupants shall be confirmed in the title to the same, as an estate of inheritance, in fee simple... 3 March 1807: The Intrusion Act of 1807 attempted to discourage squatters, or settlements being made on lands ceded to the United States, until authorized by law. The act also authorized the government to forcibly remove squatters from privately-owned land if the owners petitioned the government. Existing squatters on unoccupied land were allowed to claim as tenants of will up to 320 acres if they registered with the local land office by the end of 1807. They also agreed to give quiet possession or abandon the land when the government disposed of it to others. That any person or persons who, before the passing of this act, had taken possession of, occupied, or made a settlement on any lands ceded or secured to the United States...and who at the time of passing this act does or do actually inhabit and reside on such lands, may, at any time prior to the first day of January next, apply to the proper register or recorder...such applicant or applicants to remin on such tract or tracts of land, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres for each applicant, as tenants at will, on such terms and conditions as shall prevent any waste or damages on such lands... 5 February 1813: The Illinois Preemption Act of 5 February 1813 granted preemption rights to all actual settlers in Illinois. This was the first law enacted by Congress which conveyed blanket preemption rights to all squatters in a speciï ¬ ed region and not simply to certain categories of claimants, taking the unusual step of going against the recommendation of the House Committee on Public Lands, which strongly opposed granting blanket preemption rights on the grounds that doing so would encourage future squatting.1 That every person, or legal representative of every person, who has actually inhabited and cultivated a tract of land lying in either of the districts established for the sale of public lands, in the Illinois territory, which tract is not rightfully claimed by any other person and who shall not have removed from said territory; every such person and his legal representatives shall be entitled to a preference in becoming the purchaser from the United States of such tract of land at private sale... 24 April 1820: The Land Act of 1820, also referred to as the 1820 Sale Act, reduced the price of federal land (at the time this applied to land in the Northwest Territory and Missouri Territory) to $1.25 acre, with a minimum purchase of 80 acres and a down payment of only $100. Further, the act gave squatters the right to preempt these conditions and purchase the land even more cheaply if they had made improvements to the land such as the building of homes, fences, or mills. This act eliminated the practice of credit sales, or the purchase of public land in the United States on credit. That from and after the first day of July next [1820] , all the public lands of the United States, the sale of which is, or may be authorized by law, shall when offered at public sale, to the highest bidder, be offered in half quarter sections [80 acres] ; and when offered at private sale, may be purchased, at the option of the purchaser, either in entire sections [640 acres] , half sections [320 acres] , quarter sections [160 acres] , or half quarter sections [80 acres] ... 4 September 1841: Following several early preemption acts, a permanent preemption law went into effect with the passage of the Preemption Act of 1841. This legislation (see Sections 9–10) permitted an individual to settle and cultivate up to 160 acres of land and to then purchase that land within a specified time after either survey or settlement at $1.25 per acre. This preemption act was repealed in 1891. And be it further enacted, That from and after the passage of this act, every person being the head of a family, or widow, or single man, over the age of twenty-one years, and being a citizen of the United States, or having filed his declaration of intention to become a citizen as required by the naturalization laws, who since the first day of June A.D. eighteen hundred and forty, has made or shall hereafter make a settlement in person on the public lands...is hereby, authorized to enter with the register of the land office for the district in which such land may lie, by legal subdivisions, any number of acres not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or a quarter section of land, to include the residence of such claimant, upon paying to the United States the minimum price of such land... 27 September 1850: The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, also called the Donation Land Act, provided free land to all white or mixed-blood Native American settlers who arrived in Oregon Territory (the present-day states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and part of Wyoming) before December 1, 1855, based on four years of residence and cultivation of the land. The law, which granted 320 acres to unmarried male citizens eighteen or older, and 640 acres to married couples, split equally between them, was one of the first that allowed married women in the United States to hold land under their own name. That there shall be, and hereby is, granted to every white settler or occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included, above the age of eighteen years, being a citizen of the United States....the quantity of one half section, or three hundred and twenty acres of land, if a single man, and if a married man, or if he shall become married within one year from the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty, the quantity of one section, or six hundred and forty acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, to be held by her in her own right... 3 March 1855: – The Bounty Land Act of 1855 entitled U.S. military veterans or their survivors to receive a warrant or certificate which could then be redeemed in person at any federal land office for 160 acres of federally owned land. This act extended the benefits. The warrant could also be sold or transferred to another individual who could then obtain the land under the same conditions. This act extended the conditions of several smaller bounty land acts passed between 1847 and 1854 to cover more soldiers and sailors, and provide additional acreage. That each of the surviving commissioned and non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, whether of regulars, volunteers, rangers, or militia, who were regularly mustered into the service of the United States, and every officer, commissioned and non-commissioned seaman, ordinary seaman, flotilla-man, marine, clerk, and landsman in the navy, in any of the wars in which this country has been engaged since seventeen hundred and ninety, and each of the survivors of the militia, or volunteers, or State troops of any State or Territory, called into military service, and regularly mustered therein, and whose services have been paid by the United States, shall be entitled to receive a certificate or warrant from the Department of the Interior for one hundred and sixty acres of land... 20 May 1862: Probably the best recognized of all land acts in the United States, the Homestead Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on 20 May 1862. Taking effect on 1 January 1863, the Homestead Act made it possible for any adult male U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never taken up arms against the United States, to gain title to 160 acres of undeveloped land by living on it five years and paying eighteen dollars in fees. Female heads of household were also eligible. African-Americans later become eligible when the 14th Amendment granted them citizenship in 1868. Specific requirements for ownership included building a home, making improvements, and farming the land before they could own it outright. Alternatively, the homesteader could purchase the land for $1.25 per acre after having lived on the land for at least six months. Several previous homestead acts introduced in 1852, 1853, and 1860, failed to be passed into law. That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid or comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter section [160 acres] or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands...