Introduction To Portfolio Theory Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1606 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Firstly, we need to define the word of portfolio in order to get more understanding about the portfolio theory and portfolio development. Portfolio is refers to a group of financial assets such as stocks, bonds and cash. The portfolios are mostly hold by investors according to their risk tolerance, time taken and investment objectives and/or will be controlled by financial professionals, banks and other financial institutions to get the better allocation of risk-return portfolio. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction To Portfolio Theory Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Besides, there are two types of risk that involved: diversified and undiversified risk. Diversified risk also called as unsystematic risk which the risks cannot be fully predicted and avoided, the examples are interest rates and wars. The undiversified risk is known as systematic risk and this kind of risk can be reduced through suitable diversification and it is more specific to individual stock. The History of Portfolio Management Portfolio Theory is also known as Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). It was first developed and discovered by Harry Max Markowitz. He is an American economist, born on 24th August 1927. He is also a professor of finance at the Rady School of Management at the University of California, San Diego. Portfolio Theory was introduced in his paper Portfolio Selection which was published in the Journal of Finance in 1952. In 1990, he won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for the Theory, shared with Merton Miller and William Sharpe. Markowitz is not only known for his pioneering work in Portfolio Theory. He is also very known for the study of the effects of asset risk, return, correlation and diversification related to investment portfolio returns. The Benefits of Portfolio Management The main advantage of portfolio management is to help companies manage all their processes as well as set objectives. Small businesses may not have a structure for portfolio management, but most companies often employ someone to handle their projects. A portfolio management benefits the investors in making decisions especially risk matters. It is very important for investors to know how to control risk in their business portfolios. Besides that, it improves business performances. Portfolio management improves business performances by setting the priorities for better project delivery. Business projects are often achieved by resources which are evenly shared alongside with other projects. Many projects may end up competing for resources. This is where portfolio management is much needed. It helps in planning so that resources are equally distributed in all the business processes. This involves measuring, comparing, and prioritizing the most valuable projects only. The conflicts between the projects for resources are resolved by the high level management. The skill sets required for each project and ideal source of these resources are determined by incorporating formal sourcing strategies. The performance problems are corrected earlier to their development in major issues. Although, portfolio management cannot completely eliminate performance failures, it helps in identifying the performance issues early. The portfolio management involves steps such as identify, growth and deal with any issues related to implementation. The portfolio also helps in keeping the progress of projects or work on track. Traditional and Modern Portfolio From the evolution of mankind, people are trying to get rich. Hence, many investments have been made. Countless method has been introduced to manage portfolio. In this page, we will compare Markowitz Modern Portfolio Theory and Altman Z-score theory. Modern Portfolio Theory Also called modern investment theory, this theory states that investors will only bear excessive rate if they are compensated sufficiently. This theory is developed by Harry Markowitz in year 1950th. Modern Portfolio Theory seeks to construct an optimal portfolio by looking at the relationship between risk and return by measuring alpha, beta and R-squared. Investors can construct an optimal portfolio by maximizing the expected return for that level of risk. The formula for Markowitzs theory is as below. E(R_i) = R_f + beta_{i}(E(R_m) R_f), Where E(R_i)~~is the expected return on the capital asset R_f~is the risk-free rate of interest such as interest arising from government bonds beta_{i}~~(the  beta) is the  sensitivity  of the expected excess asset returns to the expected excess market returns, or also  beta_{i} = frac {mathrm{Cov}(R_i,R_m)}{mathrm{Var}(R_m)}, E(R_m)~is the expected return of the market E(R_m)-R_f~is sometimes known as the  market premium  (the difference between the expected market rate of return and the risk-free rate of return). E(R_i)-R_f~is also known as the  risk premium According to Markowitz, there is a formulation, efficient market frontier that used to measures and calculates the portfolio in the level of ideal return and risk. Graph below shows the efficient frontier for two stocks (Google and Coca Cola) in year 2006 where the Google has high risk -return and Coca Cola has low risk-return. https://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/site/CT_MPT_2r.gif The Efficient Frontier along with the portfolios would expect a higher on returns than its typical on the average for the level of risk the portfolio assumes. We would notice the Efficient Frontier line will starts lower at first and then slowly the expected risks and return will move higher. Investors having different investing profiles can find a suitable portfolio at any place within The Efficient Frontier. As the Efficient Frontier flattens, it goes higher due to the peak limit the investors can already expect. By using the Monte Carlo simulation, we can use the percentage of standard deviation and average return, types of chosen investment and time horizon to compute and comparing the annualized return rate of different investments. The formula is ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡(ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £Wa2ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £ÃƒÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £WaWbCovab), where w is the size of portfolio in a security, ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is the standard deviation of the expected return in the security and Cov is the covariance of the expected return in the security. According to the graph below, when the number of portfolio is increasing, the percentage of average portfolio standard deviation and risk to a one-stock portfolio will also decreasing at the same time. In Modern Portfolio Theory, the Sharpe Ratio is use to find the best proportion of the possible securities used and also a measurement for return to risk. The formula for Sharpe Ratio is: S(x) = ( rx   -   Rf ) / StdDev(x) where x is some investment rx is the average annual rate of return of x Rf is the best available rate of return of a risk-free security (i.e. cash) StdDev(x) is the standard deviation of rx The Sharpe Ratio of X is the slope of the line joining cash with X There is another calculation method to calculate the expected return for two assets portfolio, which is ERP = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wiERi Portfolio Strategies According to Mr. Markowitz, there are two types of portfolio strategies which are passive portfolio strategies and active portfolio strategies. The passive portfolio strategy is a strategy that will relies more on the minimum of input in order to have better performances in some of the market index. The other one, active portfolio strategy is a strategy that uses all the market information or available information and evaluating techniques to get a better portfolio performance. In addition, there are 3 types of portfolio, which are patient, aggressive and conservative portfolio. The patient portfolio is mostly the famous taken stock and has the most holders and buyers for longer time period. Those also reflect of the high growth companies and having the higher profit of income. The aggressive portfolio is those having higher return, higher risk and also has the most potential of future development stock. However, the aggressive portfolio would experience unexpected turnovers over time. The conservative portfolios have a stable and trustable earnings growth and history of dividend. Argument of Modern Portfolio Theory When Markowitz and Sharpe first created this theory, they define risk and volatility. This theory concept is the greater the volatility, the higher the beta, the greater the risk. Yet, there are no proof that measuring volatility as risk is a good measurement. In (J. Michael Murphy, Efficient Markets, Index Funds, Illusion, and Reality,  Journal of Portfolio Management  (Fall 1977), pp. 5-20.), it states that I realized returns appear to be higher than expected low low-risk securities and lower than expected for high-risk securities or that the [risk-reward] relationship was far weaker than expected. He also stated that Other important studies have concluded that there is not necessarily any  stable  relationship between risk and return; that there often may be virtually no relationship between return achieved and risk taken; and that high volatility unit trusts were not compensated by greater returns. In Haugen and Heins, Risk and the Rate of Return on F inancial Assets: Some Old Wine in New Bottles,  Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis  (December 1975), pp 775-84) concluded that The results of our empirical effort do not support the conventional hypothesis that risk systematic or otherwise generates a special reward. These papers were published in the mid to late 70s, just as EMH and MPT were really taking off and revolutionizing the way Wall Street invested money. In year 2008 economy meltdown, lots of stocks were losing money. Yet, only a few assets classes performed well, namely gold, oil, gasses and Treasury bond. These assets classes have very low risk or volatility. Moreover, calculating beta is practically very difficult. https://www.smart401k.com/Content/Education/Smart401k/Home/advanced-retirement-investing/Modern-Portfolio-Theory.aspx https://www.efficientfrontier.com/ef/996/basics.htm https://www.investopedia.com/walkthrough/corporate-finance/4/return-risk/portfolios.aspx

The Slavery Of The United States Of America - 951 Words

Land, labor and capital become important when economically developing a country. In the attempt to develop America, African Americans and minorities have suffered greatly in finding their identity within their history and equality among those who have discovered their individualities. Slaves were usually Africans who were forced into North and South America. Slaves were built into the constitution and then creating the history of the United States of America. For example, there are three main clauses in the US constitution that pertain to race, which include the three-fifths clause Art. I Sec 2.3, importation clause Art 1 Sec 9.1(how to tax slave trade). Slavery was about the exploitation of labor, it was a way to capture blacks†¦show more content†¦Slaves were not allowed/taught to read and those who did were usually the house slaves and overseers. Nonetheless, Slaves were taught the Bible and were forced to practice Christianity into abandoning anything that uniquely that identified them as being a native of Africa. Unlike most immigrants who come to America for the â€Å"American Dream† of a better life from their homeland country, African Americans are the only race that was unwilling brought to America. However, Native Americans were exploited for their land. Native Americans were forcibly removed from the land in which they were, now known as America. Technically Native Americans had ownership and rights of the land. The Indian Removal Act was a law providing for an exchange of land with the Native Americans residing in any part of the state or territories on the east and for their removal west of the Mississippi river. Native Americans were pushed out of their lands. While traveling to new land many, if not most, American Indians died (trail of tears). Despite limited Indian reservation nations, many tribal histories have been erased. Before slaves became free, the underground railroad helped hundreds of slaves escape from slavery, some plantations rioted, such as the Nat Turner’s Rebellion, and others escaped on their own. The Fugitive Slave Act was a law implementing the return of fugitives and slavesShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of The United States Of America Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pages In reaction to the longstanding injustices of slavery in the United States of America, revolutionaries known as abolitionists provided and shared their philosophies and courses of action in order to lead others in joining them to dispose of the enslavement of their fellow man and woman. There were, of course, diverse viewpoints and ideas in how freeing the enslaved would go about and why it was important. Leading abolitionists, including John Brown, Angelina Grimke, William Lloyd Garrison, and FrederickRead MoreAbolition Slavery And The United State Of America859 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1840s slavery become a big issue in the United State of America. Since passing the Louisiana Purchase, the United State start expanding their land. They took over the Indian Territory by forcing them to leave the country or to relocate in the different city. The expansion of the United State leads to decide some state should be a free slave. In the 1820s, they passed a low that request 36’30 parallel are decided to be a free state. Abolition slavery becomes a question In the American societyRead MoreSlavery Issues Of Slavery Between North And South848 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Issues The issues of slavery between North and South was indirectly the cause of the beginning of civil war. Since the North changed their minds about the black population, they had a difficult time with the South, with they believe that Africans had to serve white people. So the problem between the North and South wasn’t something new, it was happening since the government was trying to prevent spread out of the slavery across America, as a result, South started to create, manipulate, andRead MoreThe End Of Chattel Slavery Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesLooking back in history, you will find that slavery was always present. There are accounts of slavery in Babylon, Greece, and Rome, all occurring before the Common Era; but there was a major change during the year 1619 in the way slavery was implemented. This form of slavery was known as chattel slavery. Defined as â€Å"A civil relationship in which one person has absolute power over the life, fortune, and liberty of another† (Legal-dictionary.com), chattel slavery targeted African slaves that were broughtRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthe North grew. Slavery was vital to the economic well-being of the South, and when the North began to question the â€Å"peculiar institution† of the South the wall of civility between the two sectionalized areas began to crumble. Due to the growing issue of slavery in the 1850s, the United States of America was in a state of total disarray and turmoil. The tension that had always existed between the North and South over the matter of slavery was no longer ignorable. As the United States expanded to theRead MoreThe Expansion Of The New Nation1477 Words   |  6 Pagesof nineteenth century America, the new nation’s original ability to resolve conflict through means of peaceful compromise had vanished. Various spans of conflict such as Westward Expansion, the Market Revolution, Sectionalism, Mexican American War, the success ion of the southern states and ultimately the failure of the Compromise of 1850 that made compromise between the North and the South unattainable. It was the uncompromising differences amongst the free and slave states over the power of theRead MoreThe Impact Of The 1860 Presidential Election1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States. He was the very first Republican to serve as president, eventually leading the Union to victory during the civil war. Lincoln opposed the idea of the expansion of slavery but acknowledged that he would not interfere with slavery where it existed. Despite this, Southern fears that slavery would soon be abolished by Republicans became a reality after Abraham Lincoln was elected president on November 6th, 1860. The election influenced the secession of numerous Southern states fromRead MoreThe Cornerstone Speech And The Thomas Nast s Cartoon863 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War erupted in 1861 due to the constitutional and ideological differen ces between the Northern and the Southern states. The North advocated for equality and protection of human rights. On the other hand, the South considered the white to be more equal than the blacks. There are two historical documents that bring out the picture of the United States during the 1860s. The documents are the cornerstone speech by Alexander H. Stephens and the editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast that depictRead MoreExperiences Of Slaves During The American Civil War1528 Words   |  7 PagesExperiences of Slaves in America How did the experiences of slaves change from the 1600s to the end of the American Civil War and does it exist today? Introduction: The 1600s were full of events that helped make America what it is today. 1619 was the beginning of a revolutionary time still known as the Reconstruction period. Africans were shipped over to a country they had never been to before, and basically told how to live their lives under the enforcement of American farmers. Some thought thatRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love for justice.† This saying by Abraham Lincoln tells us that people are really different when it comes to their beliefs and attitudes. Some are so focused on wealth, which is why they have slaves to work for free, and treated them as properties instead of real human beings. On the other hand, some people were against slavery because it violated the basic human rights like the right to life, liberty, and security.

Middle East Women Free Essays

Jay Sammelmann Dr. Holzhauer UI350-01 4/24/13 Women of the Middle East The women of the Middle East are very interesting to look in to. They are not just another person or treated by the same standards like they are treated here in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Middle East Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a lot of controversy and fighting for women’s rights throughout the Middle East. They have an extreme lack of power there and they are fighting to change that. It is not right that women are such inferior people over there because they are no different than any other female in this world. Sexism plays a big role in the Middle East and the women are getting sick of putting up with this treatment. This is a big part of what I will be looking into in the research paper: â€Å"What kind of role do women play in a typical Middle Eastern society? † I will also analyze a typical Middle Eastern woman’s daily life and I will also look into their dress. There dress is unlike any other place in the world. When I see a veil, I automatically think about a Middle Eastern woman, as the veil is kind of like the symbol of Middle Eastern women’s dress. The first issue I will address when examining women in the Middle East is their rights. I have always been under the impression that women couldn’t do certain things that are freedoms in the United States, like dressing however you may wish, because of their religion. Most women’s religion over there is Islam. Actually through research I have discovered that religion is not what holds back Middle Eastern women. The Quran actually has given Middle Eastern women many important rights that even women here in the United States and the West in general didn’t have until fairly recently when you look back through history. For example, Muslim women have always been able to retain their own assets, while the property of women in England was given to their husbands once they married all the way up until 1882 (Global Connections). Also, â€Å"Muslim women in many countries kept their own last name,† which shows that the men do not just gain â€Å"property rights† over the woman when they marry (Global Connections). The Quran has a lot of proof that religion isn’t the reason that women are fighting for rights in their region. The Quran has listed many freedoms and rights that Muslim women deserve. For example, the Quran instructs Muslims to educate daughters as well as sons and it insists that women have the right to refuse a prospective husband (Global Connections). These are just a few on a long list of rights from the Quran that are overlooked when outsiders view the Middle East. Maybe the most important thing the Quran states is, that men and women are equal in the eyes of God (Global Connections). This proves that religion isn’t the reason women are mistreated, because the rights are listed in fine print inside of their holy book. The traditional culture of the Middle East is the bigger problem with regard to women’s rights in this region, not religion. While women in the Middle East don’t have the fairest rights, they also have had more leadership positions than you may think as well. In particular there have been a fair amount of female political leaders in Muslim societies. Maybe the most important women were those who were the sisters of the Prophet Muhammad. They were extremely important to the early Muslim community because they knew his practice and teachings so well (Global Connections). Muhammad was the most influential person to ever come out of the Middle East, so it was crucial that his practice and teachings be passed on to further generations. Muhammad’s sisters weren’t the only powerful political figures over time in this region. Also, Aisha who is known as the favorite wife of Muhammad was also very influential. Something interesting about her was that she even participated in the Battle of Camel in 656 (Global Connections). Aisha wanted justice on the perpetrators of the assignation of the previous caliph, Uthman (Wise Muslim Women). A women leading in battle was never really seen before and isn’t seen very often today either. This demonstrates the importance of Aisha in Middle Eastern history. Another influential woman in the history of the Middle East was Shajarat al-Durr. She firmly established the Mamluk dynasty that would ultimately repulse the  Mongols, expel the  European  Crusaders  from the  Holy Land, and remain the most powerful political force in the  Middle East  until the coming of the  Ottomans (Wise Muslim Women). Some other female political figures over time in the Middle East are the Sultanate of Women in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century was a period when several women had enormous power over affairs of the state (Global Connections). Today there is a small, but growing number of women in the parliaments of Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon (Global Connections). In Morocco women have secured 60 out of 395 seats, which may not sound like much, but that is fifteen percent of Parliament (Basch-Harod). The women’s movement campaign’s goal was to secure thirty percent of Parliament, but fifteen percent is a respectable start (Basch-Harod). It is encouraging to see that women are making a difference today as well. Although their contributions may not be the greatest, it’s great to see they are at least getting their foot in the door. These are just a few political leaders throughout time. This shows that women have the ability to gain power in the Middle East if they are put in the right situation. Not only were there some influential political leaders that were women, but there are also some powerful religious leaders as well. One female religious leader that has made a big impact is Rabia. â€Å"She was a freed slave who became a prominent scholar in the eight century city of Bara in Iraq† (Global Connections). Rabia was the person who first articulated the tenants of Sufism, which is a critical branch of Islam that emphasizes mysticism and a person’s personal relationship with God (Global Connections). She proved to be very influential as she never ended up marrying anyone citing that she didn’t want any distractions from her love for god. Rabia was looked up to by many people in the Islam community. A couple other important role models in the Islam community include Fatima, who was the prophet of Muhammad’s daughter and Zaynab who was the prophet’s granddaughter (Global Connections). This shows overall that women have been able to attain some power and have influence throughout time. I feel like the view of Americans is that women hardly even exist in the Middle East region. While they may not have the same rights and aren’t treated as well as they are here in the United States today, they have proven to have more influence throughout history than many women. Many women in the United States didn’t have any influence until the 1800s. Women have made significant strides and impacts in the Middle East for many centuries now, which is something to consider before you label Middle Eastern women as virtually nonexistent. One of the first things one notices about a Middle Eastern woman is their choice of clothing. The veil is kind of a symbol of Middle Eastern women. When I see a woman in a veil around campus and all covered up from head to toe, I automatically think it is a Middle Eastern woman. The hijab is the most common type of veil worn by Middle Eastern women. This has either one or two scarves covers the head and neck of the woman (Civic Dilemmas). This is an example of Middle Eastern woman’s modest dress. A few more styles of dress are the niqab, the chador, and the burqa. The niqab covers the entire body, including the head and face, while just leaving an opening for the eyes to see. These niqabs are very popular amongst the Muslim world in general (Civic Dilemmas). The chador is a full body length shawl that is held together at the neck by a pin and it leaves the face completely visible. This type of dress is most common in the Middle East, specifically in Iran, as compared to the rest of the world (Civic Dilemmas). The last style of dress I will explain is the burqa, which is a full body veil. The woman’s entire face and body is covered and she has to see through a mesh screen over the eyes (Civic Dilemmas). One will see this type of dress most commonly in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Actually for five years in the late 1990s and early 2000s the Taliban regime the use of a burqa was mandated by law (Civic Dilemmas). I don’t think that countries should force anybody to dress a certain way, but I am spoiled by the freedom that I have here in the United States. This just goes to show you how lucky we have it as Americans, that some people like in the Middle East are forced to wear certain clothes. How to cite Middle East Women, Papers

Debut Albums and Good Luck free essay sample

Farewell Speech 1 Good morning, everyone. Today Is a big day, because our dear big brothers and big sisters are leaving. We are very happy but also sad, we are very lucky to meet all of you, we enjoyed studying, playing, talking and singing together. And now you are leaving, we will remember the good time we ever had. Thank you for always helping us, you are going to elementary school, we will miss you very much, please come back to play with us, to your futures. We would like to say big brothers and big sisters, GO! GO! GO! Take care and good luck, thank you. Farewell Speech 2You all have been my friends for 2 years and I must say Im sad to see you go. I hope you find new friends in school, but dont forget about your old friends, K? I love you all and hope that school Is fun for you. Next year, I will come to school, too. Then we can all play and study together again. Farewell Speech 3 Its hard to say goodbye. It is sad that some of us will not be coming back next year. But, very very soon we will all meet up In elementary school. So you guys, keep our seats warm, k? We will miss you. And we wont forget about you. Dont forget us, K? Remember that even IfFarewell Speech 4 Congratulations, friends! You worked every hard for this day. We studied, sang and played together. Good luck In the future. Congratulations and goodbye! Farewell Speech 5 Dear big brothers and big sisters: Congratulations! We are so proud of you that you are going to first grade. Today is your graduation day. Its hard to say goodbye! We wont forget the happy days we learned and played together. Good luck and keep It up for the new school. You have our best wishes. Farewell Speech 6 Hello, everybody: We are here today to say goodbye to those of you that are leaving us.We are sad but know that life will treat you well. We hope you will enjoy your school life. We will miss you and please dont forget us. We hope to see you again. Good luck and best wishes. Farewell Speech 7 Dear everyone: We are sad that some of you are leaving soon. But yet, we are happy to see you turning over a new leaf. We hope you will enjoy your new school and have good teachers taking care of you. We will miss you and please dont forget us. If you have time in the future, please do come and visit us. Good luck and best wishes. Farewell Speech 8 Hello, everyone: Its time to say goodbye again.Congratulations older schoolmates! You are going to start a new life and we know that life will treat you well. We hope that you will enjoy your school life and learn as much as you can from your teachers and classmates. Good luck to you all. Valedictorian Speech 1 Wow! Im so happy today. Today we are graduating! I love you, Mommy and Daddy, you are my best friends. I love you, Teachers and Principal, you are the best in the world. I love you, Classmates. I will miss you. So hurry up and Join us at school, K? Always remember: Believe in yourself! You will make it! Yeah!! Valedictorian Speech 2Wow! It is 2007! Graduation day is finally here! I feel so happy and excited. First let me say Thank you. Without the love from Dad and Mom, my teachers, and the principal, I could never have done it. Thanks my friends! I will never forget you. This year we will start first grade. Im happy and scared, and I know somehow, we will make it. Good luck my friends! Work hard, play hard and love life! Congratulations to us all!! Valedictorian Speech 3 We say good bye to the friends we made. Good luck to you! Side by side, we learned, laughed and grew. We will miss all of our teachers and friends. I know well meet again. Good luck, everyone and goodbye! Valedictorian Speech 4 to say. First, we want to say thank you to our principal and teachers. Thank you, principal, for your guidance. Thank you, teachers, for helping us to learn. Last, we want to say thank you to our schoolmates. Thank you for the good times and the wonderful memories we have shared. Its hard and sad to say goodbye to you all. Farewell, everyone. We will miss you all. Valedictorian Speech 5 Dear principal, teachers, Mom and Dad: Good evening. Today is our graduation day, and we are here to say thank you to all of you.First, wed like to say thank you to our principal and teachers. Thank you for your patience and guidance. You teach us manners and we have learned a lot from you. Thank you for everything you have done. Now, wed like to say thank you to our moms and dads. Thank you for taking care of us every day. Last, wed like to say thank you to our moms and dads. Thank you for taking care of us every day. Last, wed like to say thank you to our friends. Thank you for the good times we spent together. We wont forget any of you. Now lets say goodbye to each other. Farewell, everyone. Goodbye. Valedictorian Speech 6Good morning, dear Principal, teachers and everybody here. Today is our graduation day, and we have a lot to say. First, we would like to say thank you to our Principal and teachers. Thank you for teaching us and taking good care of us. We also would like to say thank you to our parents. Thank you for sending us to this warm and lovely place. Last, we would like to say thank you to our schoolmates. Thank you for the good times and the wonderful memories we have shared. Goodbye, Principal. Goodbye, teachers. Goodbye, my dear younger schoolmates. We know we will always love each other, through the good and the bad.We promise we will remember you forever and we give you our best wishes. And now let us say Goodbye to our Kindergarten. Goodbye. Goodbye. Valedictorian Speech 7 Dear Principal and teachers, dear Mom and Dad, we are here to thank you all for taking care of us so well. Thank you, Principal; thank you, teachers. Thank you for your patience and guidance. Thank you, Mom; thank you, Dad. Thank you for bringing me here day after day. Today is our graduation day, so lets celebrate and shout hurray. Please do not cry, or wipe our tears, because we will always remember the good time we had here.

Internet Tv Essays - Melrose Park, Illinois, Zenith Electronics

Internet Tv ZENITH TO LAUNCH INTERNET TV PRODUCTS BASED ON NC TECHNOLOGY FROM ORACLE LAS VEGAS, Jan. 8, 1997 -- Zenith Electronics Corporation (NYSE:ZE) has joined forces with Network Computer, Inc. (NCI), a subsidiary of Oracle Corp. (NASDAQ: ORCL), to launch a new generation of convergence products designed to enhance the entertainment experience of television. Zenith plans to offer a family of Internet TV products - set-top boxes and integrated TV sets - with interactive capabilities based on NCI's powerful N|C System Software. This move marks an important new direction for Zenith's Internet TV product strategy and is another step toward establishing the software developed by NCI as the industry-standard platform for Internet appliances. Say good-bye to the passive couch potato, Zenith President and CEO Peter Willmott said here today on the eve of the Winter Consumer Electronics Show. Working with Oracle, Zenith is redefining the experience of television and marrying channel surfing and net-surfing in a new and exciting way. NCI's System Software will bring a new level of power and simplicity to Internet TV. Larry Ellison, chairman and CEO of Oracle Corp., said, Tapping the Internet should be as easy as using a television or telephone. Consumers want an inexpensive, easy-to-use appliance that combines the power of the Internet and the simplicity of television. Zenith's Internet TV and NCI's software technology will bring the information age and World Wide Web to millions of consumers everywhere. Zenith's NetVision Internet TV products, planned for introduction in 1997, will allow TV viewers to surf the World Wide Web, send and receive multimedia e-mail, and participate in a variety of interactive and electronic commerce services - all using Zenith's unique Z-Trak track-ball remote control, which operates like a computer mouse. (An optional wireless keyboard also will be available.) The set-top boxes and TVs will feature a printer port and smart card slot for home shopping, banking and other transactional services. In addition to a built-in 33.6 kilobit-per-second telephone modem, the products will include an Ethernet port for connection to high-speed cable modems. The N|C System Software is the powerful software inside Zenith's NetVision Internet TV products. It allows the Internet TV products to quickly connect to the network, run feature-rich software programs, browse the World Wide Web and access multimedia content such as audio and video. Easy to use, like a television set, the N|C System Software is simple to set up and requires no maintenance. Network Computer, Inc. (NCI), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oracle Corp., develops, licenses and markets all software and support services for the network computer, including the N|C System Software and other N|C applications. For more information about Network Computer, Inc., please call 415/631-4600. NCI's World Wide Web address is http://www.nc.com. Zenith Electronics Corporation, based in Glenview, Ill., is a leading manufacturer and marketer of television and video products for consumer and professional markets; display devices including color picture tubes, components and computer monitors; and network systems products, including digital and analog set-top boxes and cable modems. Zenith is a leader in the development of digital high-definition television. TRADEMARKS: Zenith and its famous lightning-bolt logo are registered trademarks of Zenith Electronics Corporation, and NetVision and Z-Trak are trademarks of Zenith Electronics Corporation. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. Oracle OpenWorld is a trademark of Oracle Corporation. N|C is a trademark of Network Computer, Inc. Computers and Internet Essays

Free will, determinism and fatalism.

Free will, determinism and fatalism. According to the notes and the discussion in class we have seen that fatalism means "that certain events are fated to happen no matter what we want or do", therefore assuming that there is nothing that we can do to stop it from happening. Hosper is a believer of the fatalism; he argues that we are all determined to behave in a certain way according to the psychological laws. I would have to agree with Hosper, if he refers to those certain psychological laws as the environment that surrounds each individual. In my opinion, individuals will react and make decision according to the way that individual was brought up or depending on his environment. In my point of view, fatalism makes sense only for small choices, choices that do not have a big repercussion in someone's life. For example Fatalism is easy to believe in a small case that shows an Asian person choosing sushi over a burger; and vise-versa for an American person to choose the burger over the sushi.From http://hypernews.ngdc.n oaa.govThat choice can be called fatalism; However Determinism makes more sense, "it is the view that all actions and events are determined to happen based upon antecedent causes and pre-existing conditions. Given your beliefs and desires a certain action or response was certain to follow. According to the determinist all actions are determined and that rules out the possibility of human freedom. We are simply biological entities behaving in accordance with the laws of nature. If you knew all the laws, then you could determine all of our behavior". I believe this theory holds some truth, it applies to more important choices an individual will make, like for example in the area of love. It is difficult for me that a person was for each another. In the notes,

Criminal Behavior and Policing in America Essay

Criminal Behavior and Policing in America - Essay Example The definition of criminal behavior also changes with place. In some countries of the world, drugs such as marijuana are outlawed, and possession or use brings serious consequences. In other countries, the drug is sold and used openly. In the United States, California, Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington state all allow the use of medical marijuana, although it is explicitly prohibited by federal law. Recently, a San Francisco Circuit Court of Appeals judge ruled that states can make their own medical marijuana laws, as long as the commerce does not involve any other state.  While ideas about the definition of criminal behavior in a time and place influence policing, political values and social conditions also shape our ideas about policing. Ebbe (2000) suggests that each country forms its ideas about policing based on custom and tradition, historical experience, and international events. America is customarily focused on traditions of individual freedom â€⠀œ but we surrender much of that freedom to policing agencies when serious domestic or international events pose a danger to our collective good. In fact, we are willing to surrender our – and our fellows’ – rights to amazing capacities. In American history, we can look to the Alien and Sedition Acts, the Schenck decision, the interment of Americans of Japanese ancestry during World War II, the House Un-American Activities Committee, and the Patriot Act. The notion that it is acceptable to surrender more authority. to policing agencies is well-chronicled and accepted in our nation’s history. Our history also shows periods of real isolationist sentiment that is

The Semantic Web and Relational Databases essay

The Semantic Web and Relational Databases - Essay Example I think maybe when you've got an overlay of scalable vector graphics - everything rippling and folding and looking misty on Web 2.0 and access to a semantic Web integrated across a huge space of data, you'll have access to an unbelievable data resource." (Wikipedia, 2009) World Wide Web consortiumW3C is working on this technology to make it more efficient, extendable and presentable to the users. Semantic Web enables the user to find, share and combine information on the web. It is based on machine readable information and uses XML technology to define customized tagging. It provides the common language to represent how the data is related to real world objects. The central idea is to provide the specific user requirements from the web. It is not a communication between web pages, but it describes relationships between objects. A software database technology includes some aspects through which semantic web works. Data which is transferred by human intervention or by machine is portably collected in a data space. Data spaces are domain specific. They are identified by an identifier. The data which can be viewed in object oriented view is called a data space. Linked data is a part of the Semantic web which is identified by URI (Uniform resource identifier). The Data or object existed in the data space must be movable and can be identified and cited by the uniform resource identifier whenever required. Open linked database, which is called as â€Å"ODS† is a distributed, collaborative web application platform, social network and content management system. It has been written using VSP, VSPX and the open link AJAX toolkit. It incorporates wide range of industry standards for data access and management (Wikipedia, 2009).

SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

SWOT Analysis - Essay Example It advances chess in the American culture through the hosting of the United States Championships. The performance of children and their character are improving. This is considered as strength. According to the mission states of the association, it aims at strengthening the character and the mind of the young scholars. This result is a clear indication that the foundation is realizing its mission statement. This strength is distinctive as the change can be felt in the entire nation. Strengthening the mind of children improves their academic performance. Also, the children affected will impact others and this guarantees the future of a nation. This shows that the organization is beneficial to the nation (Allison et al., 2005). Since the organization is a nonprofit organization which is still achieving its goals, then its volunteers feel motivated. With motivated volunteers, there is the assurance of quality delivery from them. This will also attract more volunteers who will want to work for the organization. With a large number of volunteers, it means that the organization is saving quite an amount of money that could be utilized to meet its goals. Thus the organization will continue being a success, as good work force is vital for success (Allison et al., 2005). The nonprofit organization faces deficit of funds to cover its expenses. It cannot match the salaries of its for-profit competitors. The staff therefore, may not be motivated by the amount of money they earn and the founders, by the profits that they make. This lowers their compensation and diverts their focus on the satisfaction they get from their work. Since the foundation is realizing its goals and making an impact in the entire nation, this should motivate the founders and the staff. The organization’s stakeholders should try to involve donors who provide funds and engage in activities that can raise funds for

Education Systems Comparison: Australia and Mongolia

Education Systems Comparison: Australia and Mongolia COMPARISON BETWEEN MONGOLIAN AND AUSTRALIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM I would like to introduce comparison between Mongolian and Australian Education system in several areas such as general statement, access, quality and efficiency. First of all I would like to introduce general statement for both countries. Education in both countries follows preschool, primary and secondary education and technical education and vocational training and tertiary education. Both countries preschool education is non compulsory. Mongolian preschool education is offered to children agedÂÂ  2 to 5 in kindergarten, but Australian preschool education offered children aged 3 to 5. Mongolian preschool education is an instructional institution and by the Mongolian Preschool education law kindergartens shall provide preschool education to children of preschool age and ensure their school preparedness. Australian early childhood education has many types of preschool education such as kindergarten, child care center, Montessori center and act. Also, there are many similarities on primary and secondary education in two countries which means 12 year schooling system. The official enrolment age is 6 year old children in two countries. In addition, the Mongolian Government initiated transforming primary and secondary schools into a 12 year system in 2008. This transition will be complete by 2016. In Mongolia, that 6 years of primary, 3 years of lower secondary and 3 years of upper secondary schooling. In Australia that 7 years of primary and 5 years of secondary. In Australia, in the some states territories, primary schools often include a pre-school. In Mongolia, technical education and vocational training (1-2.5 years) sub-sector comprises specialized upper secondary schools as well as post-secondary diploma programs housed in higher education institutions. Therefore, in Australia, each state has a Vocational Education and Training or Technical and Further Education system. It is prepares people for work in a career that does not need a university degree. In Mongolia, higher education is awarded by colleges, institutes and universities. At the higher education level, bachelor programs usually last four to five years and six years for medical programs. Masters programs usually require one to two years and doctorate programs require three to four years to complete. Likewise, Australian higher education (6+) awards are classified as follows certificate, diploma and associate degrees, which take one to two years to complete, some aspects of higher education are the responsibility of States and Territories. In particular, most universities are recognized under the State and Territory legislation. Secondly, I would like to compare access of education in both countries. In Mongolia, 76.3 percent preschool age children attended in preschool education services. In 2009/2010 academic year, there are 785,8 thousand students enrolled in institutions of formal education. There were 102, 6 thousand children in 814 kindergartens. In 2009, 58.6 percent of pre-school children who are 2-5 year olds enrolled at institutionalized education programs and 17.4 percent of total pre-school children enrolled in alternative forms of educational services. In Australia 97.5 per cent of children attended for early childhood education the year before school. The year before a child is due to attend primary school is the main year for pre-school education. This year is far more commonly attended, and may take the form of a few hours of activity during weekdays. Preschool is in some states and territories relatively unregulated. In Mongolia, in 2009/2010 academic year, 557,3 thousand pupils in 710 primary and secondary schools. The primary and secondary education net enrollment rate was 91.5 percent. An addition, girls enrollment in primary and secondary cycle is greater than boys. In Australia, primary and secondary education is compulsory between the ages of 6 to 17, depending on the state or territory. The primary and secondary education net enrollment rate was 99.3 percent. In recent years, over three quarters of students stay at school until they are seventeen. Government schools educate about two thirds of Australian students, with the other third in Catholic and Independent schools. A small portion of students are legally home-schooled. Higher Education in Mongolia has universities and colleges. There are 146 universities, which is 42 are public, 99 are private and 5 are international. During the last 5 years number of students enrolled in higher education institutions increased by 70,1 per cent. The proportion of female students is 61.8% of total higher education enrolment. That data indicate an unusual reverse gender gap in higher education. This is particularly noticeable at the higher levels of education where typically female greatly outnumber male students. Last 5 years enrolments in occupational programs such as foreign languages, law, computer science, engineering, medicine, and tourism was more than double. Tertiary education in Australia provider is university self-accrediting provider, non self-accrediting provider. In 2009, the Australian higher education system consisted of 41 universities, of which 37 are public institutions, 2 are private, and 2 are Australian branches of overseas universities; 2 other self-accrediting higher education institutions; and non-self-accrediting higher education providers accredited by State and Territory authorities, numbering more than 150 as listed on State and Territory registers. These include several that are registered in more than one state and territory. Thirdly, in short, I want to compare and contrast quality of education both countries. The most important aspect for quality education is the learning achievement. According to the Program for International Student Assessment for 2006 ranks the Australian education system as 6th on a worldwide scale for Reading, 8th for Science and 13th for Mathematics. The Education Index, published with the UNs Human Development Index in 2008, based on data from 2006, lists Australia as 0.993, amongst the highest in the world, however Mongolia lists as 71, the medium level. In addition, many universities in Australia have gained international recognition. Two of the most acknowledged are the Academic Ranking of World Universities, produced by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and the THES QS World University Rankings, which in 2006, had no fewer than 13 universities amongst the worlds top 200. That is why many foreign students wants to study in Australia at schools and universities. Quality in education is not good in Mongolia. Particularly, urban-rural gap in education quality still exist. According to some recent research, children attending rural schools perform significantly worse than children attending schools in aimag centers and Ulaanbaatar. Rural schools have limited access to resources needed to support higher learning achievements. Another main issue of qualitative aspects in education is teacher and children ratio. In Mongolia teacher and children ratio in the preschool is 25:2 and 30:1 is for secondary school.2 But 18:3 is for preschool and secondary is about 20:1 in Australia.5 It depends states and territories. Teachers are key players in implementing of the education sector, especially in classroom and teaching and learning quality, which is highly dependable on their professional capacity and supply. Two countries teacher qualification and professional knowledge and skills are similar, but teaching method is different. As I mentioned the last another issue of qualitative aspects in education is curriculum. The Mongolian Government approved a new set of competence based education curriculum/standards for pre school, primary and secondary education emphasizing the quality of education. These new curriculum is being introduced in the school year of 2005/2006. On the other hand, national curriculum /standard has renewed to be promoting a human development as develop pupils competence in terms of communication skills, self-confident, a critical thinking and problem solving abilities etc. In Australia there is a mandatory curriculum in addition to elective subjects. For the students are required to take state-wide external tests in English-literacy, mathematics, science, Australian history, geography, civics and citizenship and computing skills in. Finally, I want to write a few words about educational efficiency. The Mongolian Law on Education stipulates that at least 20 percent of the government budget is allocated to education. Government expenditure on education as a percent of GDP is 9 and a percent of GNP is 19.09 in 2004. Education expenditure has significantly increased over the last few years. Educations share of public expenditure has also remained consistently high, averaging 18.6 percent over the 2008-2010 period, although it has not quite reached more than 20 percent share as required by the Education Law, (revised in 2006). But the national education budget has increased by 2.5 times in 2004 as compared to 1996. The education sector is financed principally from two sources: the Central budget (81.7 percent in 2008) and the local budget (9.3 percent) with revenue raised at province and city levels. Other sources of revenue include tuition fees (4.1 percent), donations from individuals and organisations (1.6percent), project funds (0.1 percent) and others (2.7percent). In Mongolia, school and kindergarten financing is operated based on per child normative variable expenses with adjusting indexes. Indexes used to adjust the different situations in terms of population density, distance as remoteness of school location so on. However, some of remote and rural schools are still facing problems related with financial shortages due to not enough children attending in their kindergarten and school. Since 1997, state financing only fixed costs such as heating, electricity and water in higher education institutions. Student tuition fees constitute the major income source for universities, institutes and colleges. It makes up 80% of higher education income. In conclusion, it can be clearly seen that Australian and Mongolian education system are a few similarities some area such as general statements and accesses. However, the quality in education two countries is very different. Quality in education in Australia is the highest in the world, although in Mongolia, such as many indicators of the education quality and efficiency are not good enough and we have to change trends also, remind that there is need for policy and operational strategy reforms. Therefore, Mongolian education sector is undergoing new stage development reform. It has encountered new challenges created by poverty and social deprivation. The following issues are considerable in future development of education sector in Mongolia. Generally, Australian education system has a good policy, management, and sustainable development for every part of the education sub sectors. Finally, I believe that to improve relationship and to expand cooperation between Australian and Mongo lian education sector.

Organ Donation Saves Lives Essay -- Persuasive, Argumentative, Argumen

About seventy-Four people a day receive an organ transplant, however an average of seventeen people die each day waiting for transplants. Did you know that more than 88,000 men, women and children currently await life-saving transplants? Every 12 minutes another name is added to the national transplant waiting list. Of those 88,000 waiting, 61,000 of them are waiting for a kidney. How many of you reading this are organ donors? I use to feel that I didn't want a doctor taking anything from me after I have passed, even knowing that two of my family members, an uncle and cousin, had severe kidney disease. It wasn't until after they had passed away that I really thought seriously about organ donation. I'm not proud of my prior ignorance or ambivalence on the subject of organ donation. However, I am now more knowledgeable on the subject. I have a bumper sticker on my car that reads, "Don't take your organs to Heaven, Heaven knows we need them here" and how true that is. When yo u hear something like that it tends to make you think about your decision not to donate. But in all honesty I wasn't completely sure about just giving my organs away, I had to do my research on organ donation, I had questions, and I wanted answers. Questions like: How are organs distributed? Can I agree to donate some organs or tissue and not others? If I sign a donor card or indicate my donation preferences on my driver's license, will my wishes be carried out? And Can I change my mind? These are some of the questions I will answer for you today along with giving you a brief description about what life is like waiting on a donor list. The first successful kidney transplant was in 1954 and is the most common transplant today. The primary f... ...donate some organs or tissue and not others? Yes. You can specify which organs you would wish to donate. If I sign a donor card or indicate my donation preferences on my driver's license, will my wishes be carried out? Even if you sign a donor card it is essential that your family knows your wishes. Your family may be asked to sign a consent form in order for your donation to occur. Can I change my mind? Yes, and you have that right to do so. You can change your mind at any time. In conclusion, people of all races, all nationalities, and all ages, depending on the cause of death, die and take with them very valuable organs that can help to fulfill a healthy life for someone who desperately needs them. What if that someone was sitting next to you? What if it was me? Or what if it was you? Don't take your organs to heaven, heaven knows we need them here.

Civil liberties during war-time Essay

Civil Liberties are for example freedom of speech and freedom of the press as defined by the first amendment. These freedoms have been challenged by the threat of war, but should they be taken away because of it? The first amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† These are our civil liberties that we are promised as citizens of the U.S. In the past these liberties have been interfered with. The main cause for this interference was war. The government wanted to abolish any chances of treason or leaking of information to the enemies and to do this they passed act such as the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts made it illegal to write, print, speak, or publish anything false or untrue about to United States. We can understand how certain precautions must be made to insure safety in times of war but to go so far as to take away our freedoms are out of bounds. There are numerous other ways to make us safe without interfering with our liberties. For example: tighter security. After 9/11 security became very tight at airports and other areas where terrorists might be able to enter the country. Although this extra security was tedious and time consuming to get through, it was well within the lines of the 1st amendment because it did not take away any of our freedoms. I do not believe that our civil liberties should be taken away during wartime. This is a democracy and should remain one whether engaged in war or not. The government can think of more ways to protect us other than limiting our freedoms of speech or of the press, and certainly without interfering with our privacy unless there is just cause to do so.

How to Develop, Organize, and Plan Instruction

How to Develop, Organize, and Plan Instruction Good planning is the first step to an effective classroom, and one of the six main teacher tasks that excellent teachers must master. A well-planned class reduces stress on the teacher and helps minimize disruptions. When teachers know what they need to accomplish and how they are going to do it, they have a better opportunity to achieve success with the added benefit of less stress. Further, when students are engaged during the entire class period, they have less opportunity to cause disruptions. Obviously, the demeanor of the teacher, the quality of the lesson, and the method of delivery all play into an effective day in class. With that said, it all starts with a good plan. Steps for Planning Instruction Look over the state and national standards and your texts and supplemental materials to determine what concepts you must cover in the year. Make sure to include any required test preparation material. Use this to create a plan of study for your course.Create a personalized lesson plan calendar. This will help you visualize and organize your instruction.Plan your units using your overall plan of study and your calendar.Create detailed unit lesson plans. These should include the following items to be effective:ObjectivesActivitiesTime estimatesRequired materialsAlternatives- Make sure to plan for those students who might be absent during your activities.Assessment- This includes classwork, homework, and tests  Transfer your broad unit plan to a planning book to keep yourself organized. This will help with implementation and focus. This is where all the unit plans come together to give you a broader picture of the year.Write a daily lesson outline and agenda. The details included will differ depending how detailed you wish to be. Some teachers create a simple outline with times attached to help keep them on track while others include detailed notes and written information. At a bare minimum, you should have an agenda prepared for yourself and your students so that you appear organized and you make smooth transitions. It is very easy to lose student attention as you search for the page that you want them to read or fumble through a stack of papers. Create and/or gather any required items. Make handouts, overheads, lectures notes, manipulatives, etc. If you are going to start each day with a warm-up, then have this created and ready to go. If your lesson requires a movie or item from the media center, make sure that you put in your request early so that you are not disappointed on the day of your lesson. Planning for the Unexpected As most teachers realize, interruptions and unexpected events often occur in class. This might range from pulled fire alarms and unexpected assemblies to your own illnesses and emergencies. Therefore, you should create plans that will help you deal with these unexpected events. Create mini-lessons to help fill up any time that might be left at the end of a class period. Even the best teachers are sometimes left with extra time. Instead of just letting students talk, use this time for extra instruction or possibly educational fun. Further, if an unexpected assembly is called leaving you with just 15 minutes of instruction, these lessons can be a godsend.Emergency lesson plans are a necessity for all teachers. If you cannot make it to school at the last minute or have to leave to deal with a personal emergency, you need to leave lesson plans to help your substitute. This combined with your substitute folder is important to help your classroom continue to function without you.

Dating and Marriage Vocabulary in English

Dating and Marriage Vocabulary in English This dating and marriage vocabulary guide provides common expressions used in English to speak about romance, going out and getting married including the verbs, nouns, and idioms used with these expressions. These are often similar to those used when ​​speaking about romantic relationships. Before Marriage Verbs to ask someone out - to ask someone to go on a date Alan asked Susan out last week. She still hasnt given him an answer.   to date - to see someone repeatedly in a romantic sense They dated for two years before they decided to get married. to fall in love - to find someone that you love They fell in love while on a hike through Peru. to go out - to date once, to go out repeatedly (often used in the present perfect continuous form) Were going out next Friday. Weve been going out for a few months now.   to court - to try to date someone (older English, not often used in modern, everyday English) The young man courted his love by sending her flowers every day. to go steady - to date regularly over a long period of time Tim and I are going steady.   to have a boyfriend/girlfriend - to have a continuing relationship with one person Do you have a boyfriend? - Thats none of your business! to arrange a marriage - to find marriage partners for other people   In the US most people find a partner by dating. However, its common to arrange marriages in a number of cultures around the world.   to woo someone - to try to go out or date someone How long have you been wooing Anna? Have you asked her out yet? Nouns speed dating - modern technique to find someone to date, people speak to each other quickly one after the other in order to find someone to date Speed dating might seem strange to some, but it certainly helps people find others quickly. online dating - sites that help arrange relationships by meeting possible romantic partners online As many as one in three marriages start with online dating these days. courtship - a period of time during which a man tries to convince a woman to marry him (not generally used in modern English, but common in English literate) The courtship lasted for six months, after which the couple married.   relationship - when two people have a committed attachment to each other Im in a relationship at the moment. Idioms a match made in heaven - two people who are perfect for each other Bob and Kim are a match made in heaven. Im sure theyll have a happy and healthy marriage.   love at first sight - what happens when someone falls in love the first time they see someone I feel in love with my wife at first sight. Im not sure it was the same for her. love affair - a romantic relationship Their love affair lasted for more than two years. blind date - to go out with someone you have never seen before, blind dates are often arranged by friends She was surprised at how much fun she had on her blind date last week. Becoming Engaged Verbs to propose - to ask someone to marry you   Im going to propose to Alan next week. to ask someone to marry you - to ask someone to be your spouse Have you asked her to marry you yet? to ask for someones hand in marriage - to ask someone to marry you Peter arranged a romantic dinner and asked Susans hand in marriage. Nouns proposal - the question made when asking someone to marry   He made his proposal when they brought out the champagne. engagement - the state of being engaged, making the promise to marry each other They announced their engagement at the Christmas party last week. fiance - the person to whom you are engaged My fiance works in education. betrothal - a literary term synonymous with engagement (not commonly used in modern English) The couples betrothal was approved by the king. Idioms to pop the question - to ask someone to marry you When are you going to pop the question? Marrying Verbs to get married - the action of becoming husband and wife They got married in a historic church in the countryside.   to marry - to get married They are going to wed next June. to wed - to get married We wed twenty years ago on this day. to say I do - the agree to marry the other person at a wedding The bride and groom said I do after their vows. Nouns anniversary - the day of your wedding, celebrated by married couples Our anniversary is coming up next week. What should I get her? marriage - the state of being married Their marriage is very good. Theyve been married for twenty years. wedding - the ceremony during which people get married The wedding was lovely. I couldnt help crying a little. matrimony - the state of being married (used less commonly than marriage) The matrimony withheld the test of time.   wedlock - the state of being married (used less commonly than marriage) Weve been in wedlock since 1964.   vow - the promise made between two people during a wedding We exchanged our vows in front of our family and friends.   bride - the woman who marries The bride was so beautiful. They looked so happy together. groom - the man who marries The groom looked arrived twenty minutes late for the wedding. Everyone was very nervous!

Proposal of analyzing Hershey's stock price and this firm Essay

Proposal of analyzing Hershey's stock price and this firm - Essay Example Using the results of the following report, my recommendation will be to invest into the Hershey stocks, as the company’s performance in the industry is commendable as well as its stock’s performance. After thoroughly analyzing the stocks of Hershey Company, I would note that the company has a potential for a continued appreciation for the value of its stock price in the stock market. However, my analyst recommendation in overall would be a buy of the shares and not a strong purchse for the stocks of the company. The reason for this is due to the rapid increase in the company’s share price and a relatively high P/E ratio. My recommendations based on my review of the company’s financial indicators, its opportunities for future growth and its comparison to the main competitors in the field (Fridson, Martin and Fernando 75). A detailed analysis that led to the drawing of my conclusion is as discussed in the report below. Brief description of Hershey Company Th e Hershey Chocolate Company is a US-based firm that is incorporated according to the laws of the State of Delaware. However, the company was founded in 1894 by Milton S. Hershey. Since that time, the company has remained as the leading manufacturer of chocolates and other sugary confectionaries, and has a marketing base of about 42.5% in North America. The company has several wholly-owned subsidiaries and entities to which it has a major controlling interest. This company is also the major and largest producer of superiority chocolate in North America and leads globally in chocolate and sugar confectionery production. The company functions as a single reportable segment in the manufacture, marketing, sale and distribution of the products under various brand names. The company is founded on the basis and principles of returning back to the community in which it operates in through corporate social responsibility (Brigham, Eugene and Michael 120). The amount of revenue that the compan y generates equals nearly to $6billion annually and has a current employment base of about 14,000 employees across all its subsidiaries. Over the years, the company has portrayed consistency in its growth patterns both in terms of market share and the market holdings. It has accumulated a large amount of wealth which have seen it trade perfectly in the stock market. Through this, the company has been able to earn itself a positive image and reputation both nationally and internationally following the various innovation programmes it has invested into. One such innovation programme is that of the ‘Innovative Cocoa – Link Mobile Technology Programme’ that was so far expanded to Cote d’Ivoire in May 2013. However, the company’s growth is expected to continue as a result of the announcement that it will price $250million, 2.625% notes by the year 2023. Recent developments in Hershey In the recent past, Hershey Co. has had several developments that have been witnessed through acquisitions of other small firms thus, turning them into its subsidiaries. For instance, in the year 1996, Hershey purchased the operations of America in Leaf Candy Company. In 1999, the company diversified and divested its Pasta group into several equity partners in a bid to form the New World Pasta Co. currently known as Ebro Foods. In 2002, the public became aware of the intention of Hershey Trust Foundation that was seeking to sell its

Social Security Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Security Research Paper - Assignment Example The largest generation in the country is the younger one of less than 65 years. This number has been increased by the influx of immigrants which has a high population rate than the natives of the land. These people have a long way to go before they can not only start to enjoy their social security savings but start saving in the fund as well. They however need to be sustained by the government in every way possible. The fact that majority of their parents lack enough money to support them and provide enough for them in terms of provision of the basic services; they need the government to assist them. Majority need to even be paid employment wages and especially during the inflation period when the jobs are no longer available and in fact people are being given early retirements from their employments. The government can only manage to sustain this group of people if it can have a little extra tax and this is possible through using the social security funds of the elderly that do not need them anymore (LeMay, 2007). This policy will not be easy to be implemented because it involves the life savings of this group of people. Some of them started contributing to the fund even before they got to start having their own personal savings and when they lacked enjoying the nice things and luxuries in life simply because they were paying student loans and did not have enough to spare. There are some that had been looking forward to enjoying this money at their retirement. Now that they are rich, they may no longer need the cash but it is still their savings and a representation of how far they have come in life. In order to convince them to part with it, they have to be told to think about it as a form of charity to the needy in society, those who are needy of cheaper and more affordable services and for the sake of their survival. People give to charities to assist and if they consider the money as such, it will be

Different construction insurance mechanisms currently utilized by the Essay

Different construction insurance mechanisms currently utilized by the construction industry - Essay Example Material loss may result from the death of an employee, worker's compensation or defects on construction. Construction insurance although in theory is not very different from any other type of insurance, the main difference lies in the enormous risk a construction company is exposed to while undergoing the project, thus, resulting to a higher premium. As a matter of fact, "the market for general liability insurance has taken a disastrous turn over the past two years. Builders and remodelers in every part of the country are experiencing dramatic increases in premiums and big changes in deductibles and exclusions. In some states, coverage may not be available at any price. If a company's insurance is too costly, it can't be competitive." (Miller) This is the reason why several mechanisms are used in the construction industry to minimize the risk or the amount of premiums to be paid. Some mechanisms are provided for by law whereas some evolved from general practice. Several examples of these mechanisms are the Additional-insured endorsements, Owner Insured Risk Programs, reinsurance and the inclusion of a mediation and/or arbitration clause in the insurance contract. One of the mechanisms used, particularly in Oregon, is the "additional-insured endorsements." These endorsements, "which ... An additional-insured endorsement states that in addition to the insured contractor, another party is an additional insured party under the insurance contract, thus giving the additional party the right to make a claim directly on the policy." (Christensen) This simple mechanism ensures that the insurance is available among the various participants in construction projects including owners, general contractors, subcontractors, and sub-subcontractors. This mechanism in effect lowers the overall cost for risk-allocation on the project. Another mechanism is the Owner Controlled Insurance Program or OCIP. In an OCIP, "the owner purchases insurance for other participants in a construction project." (Thelen Reid Brown Raysman & Steiner LLP) An Owner Controlled Insurance Program will cover the owner, the contractor , the subcontractors and sometimes include the design professionals. The coverage is tailored to the needs of the party applying for it but generally it includes general liability (CGL), builder's risk, worker's compensation, design errors and omissions as well as excess and other special coverages. The OCIP process is pretty complicated, contractors and subcontractors need to be cautious when participating in an OCIP project. "They must ensure that the coverage offered by the OCIP is sufficient to replace their existing insurance coverage. They also must be careful that the bid deduct process by which the cost of insurance deducted from their price is properly and timely performed." (Thelen Reid Brown Raysman & Steiner LLP) The OCIP was generally used in large scale constructions, however, it is slowly becoming popular even with small-scale projects especially in condominium and

Face Recognition Essay Example for Free

Face Recognition Essay For humans, faces are the most significant for visual stimuli, a fact that becomes apparent in social settings—as a species we are constantly, almost obsessively, monitoring each others faces, paying close attention to subtle details that can give some insight into the emotional state, level of engagement, or object of attention of our associates. Fluency with faces offers great social advantages, allowing one to glean aspects of anothers internal thought processes and to predict their behavior. (Leopold, 2010). Explain the processes associated with face recognition, identification, and classification Concept generally refer to the abstract notion of what that category represents in one’s mind. ((Robinson-Riegler, 2008). The recognition of individual faces is in some ways the pinnacle of human visual performance. Because all faces have the same basic configural appearance (for example: two eyes above a nose and mouth, sometimes called the first-order configuration), individuals must be identified by subtle deviations from this prototypic pattern, sometimes referred to as second-order relational information or configuration . To process facial identification an individual depend on the process of first-order relational information, the information about the parts of an object and how those parts relate to one another. For face recognition, this would involve an analysis of the person’s facial features and the relationship among those features. However, first-order relational information is not enough to recognize faces; simply noticing that two eyes are above the nose, which is above the mouth, may be enough for recognition that something is a face but doesn’t allow for recognition of who the face is. To recognize faces, we need second-order relational information. Second-order relational information involves comparing the first-order analysis to facial features of a â€Å"typical,† or â€Å"average,† face. This typical face is built up through experience and serves as an implicit standard against which we compare the faces we see. Inverting a face disrupts the encoding of second-order relational information When we deal with information, we do so in steps. One way to think of this is to picture the process of acquiring, retaining, and using information as an activity called information processing Information comes from the outside world into the sensory registers in the human brain. This input consists of things perceived by our senses. We are not consciously aware of most of the things we perceive; we become aware of them only if we consciously direct our attention to them. When we do focus our attention on them, they are placed in our working memory. (Education, 2011) Even when perceivers are presented with stimuli in suboptimal conditions, the face-processing system is still capable of extracting categorical knowledge in a rapid and accurate manner. Third, category activation is sensitive to the typicality of group members. In categorical thinking people identify with groups who they are familiar with. Analyze the role of encoding and retrieval processes involved with long-term memory and how this affects face recognition. Early perceptual processes (and their associated products) also appear to play an important contributory role to the generation of categorical thinking. Categorization is a fundamental property of the brain. Categorical thinking streamlines most aspects of person perception, including decision making, memorial functioning, and attention processing (Cloutier, 2005). People are skilled with various levels of understanding along with other social agents. From only a few visual cues, a person is able to process detailed impressions of others, identify the sex, emotional status, and identity of conspecifics ; and infer the hidden internal states (example. goals, intentions) that create their plan of purpose. In social cognition, the two basic processes that serves or promotes a person perception are categorization and individuation . Individuation, in contrast to categorization, the individualistic view other people not as members of distinct social groups but rather as unique entities. Individuals are guided by two distinct cognitive processes. These two processes operate at the early stages of a person’s perception, relevant with the process of object recognition. The individual is capable of making individual judgments about stimuli corresponding to prior perceptual experience. As part of the face recognition process, a face must activate a face recognition unit a stored representation of that face in memory. If activated, the person is recognized as familiar. Next, the face recognition unit must activate the person identity node which stores biographical information about the person. If activated, this biographical information becomes available (Robinson-Riegler, 2008). Prior to the retrieval of information from long-term memory, however, a great deal of social-cognitive processing has already taken place. perceivers have resolved the perceptual puzzle of identifying social agents from available visual cues. This includes, but is not restricted to faces. (Cloutier, Discuss at least two possible errors that can occur with face recognition, such as misidentification and self-recognition. Our knowledge of our own face seems inseparable from our general knowledge of self and who we are as individuals, our likes and dislikes, our personal history. Unconscious transference, occurs when a witness fail to identify or distinguish between a target person, for example, falsely identifying an eyewitness may result to imprisonment of an innocent person Robinson-Riegler, 2008). As individuals we confront the world with our faces, from the time of birth to the time of death. The age and gender of a person are printed on their faces. Emotions are expressed in a person’s facial expressions. The open and instinctive emotions that Darwin wrote about, as well as the hidden or repressed ones that Freud wrote about, are displayed on our faces, along with our thoughts and intentions. People have p hysical attractions toward each other, a person may admire the physical attributes such as arms, and legs. In spite of what draws one attention, the face is the first and last that is judged, whether it is beautiful in an aesthetic sense, fine or distinguished in a moral or intellectual sense. The face of an individual defines a person character and experience. Face recognition is crucially important for humans, and the vast majority of us are able to identify thousands of faces individually, or to easily pick out familiar faces in a crowdProsopagnosia or topographical amnesia are lifelong conditions that does not decrease as one grows older.

Exploring The Chemistry Of Textiles Chemistry Essay

Exploring The Chemistry Of Textiles Chemistry Essay Textile chemistry is primarily an applied form of chemistry. It is a highly specialized field that applies the principles of the basic fields of chemistry to the understanding of textile materials and to their functional and esthetic modification into useful and desirable items. Textile materials are used in clothing, carpet, tire yarn, sewing thread, and air bags. Some textile chemists are less oriented toward manufacturing processes and more focused toward fiber technologies. The study of textile chemistry begins with the knowledge of fibers themselves-both natural and synthetic. Because synthetic fibers are such an important part of todays textile business, the field includes many who are trained as polymer chemists. The interaction between textile chemistry and materials science is also increasing. Textile chemistry includes the application of the principles of surface chemistry to cleaning processes and modifications such as dyeing and finishing. It relates organic chemistry in the synthesis and formulation of the products used in these processes. 2. is dynamic Traditionally, textile chemists have been trained to have an in-depth understanding of the structure and properties of natural and synthetic fibers, says Norman Nemerov, professor of chemistry at the Philadelphia College of Textiles and Sciences. They have also been taught the post-treatment chemistries, which impart properties such as dye ability, wash freshness, and permanent press. But today there are new demands, such as recyclability. One thing were looking at is how to make fibers degradable over time, he says. And, in a relatively new area called biotextiles, fibers are being developed for drug delivery systems, Nemorov adds. Weaving, dyeing, and finishing cloth is an ancient art, but its also a modern science, says Fred Miller, vice president of Hickory Dyeing and Winding Company. Jim Hammond, a senior research associate in nylon research and development at Dupont, comments, I often say that if I took a two-year trip around the world, my knowledge would be obsolete by the time I came back. Miller said, The field is exciting because theres still so much to know and to learn. After many years in the business, both Hammond and Miller still find their work creative and intellectually challenging. 3. Brings older technology up to date While new technology abounds, the most commonly used fibers have been around for a long time. But, chemists working with these materials are often focused on modifying them for new applications. Sushma Kitchloo, a polymer chemist at Globe Manufacturing, is responsible for new product development and troubleshoots problems associated with modification of polymers Millers expertise is in the interaction between fibers and the dyes that give them color and luster. Modifying traditional polymers requires adjusting the chemical processes for downstream functions, such as dyeing the fiber. 4. is tangible In textiles, you are working with something you can hold and feel. says Ehrhardt. The skill set for this field includes understanding process manufacturing, being familiar with physical testing of fibers, having knowledge of weaving and knitting, and understanding the evolution of a product through garment form. Specializing in the field of textile chemistry can provide opportunities for dynamic and creative applications of chemistry. A textile chemist relates knowledge of the organic structures of both fibers and the chemicals used to modify them to specific chemical, physical, and esthetic properties. The combination of the theoretical and the practical makes possible the development of the thousands of textile chemicals necessary for the production of the finished articles of commerce. Textile:- Textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or pressing fibres together . The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres. Fabric refers to any material made through weaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding. Cloth refers to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for a purpose such as covering a bed. Textile Chemistry Terminology Performance fabrics offer special benefits to consumers, such as stain-repellency, wrinkle-resistance, or odor-control. New technologies are launched every year. CCRC is committed to keeping ahead of the technology curve, assuring that consumers will be satisfied with the home care of the fabrics, as well as performance. Antimicrobial Agent (AM) A chemical compound either destroys or inhibits the growth of microscopic and submicroscopic organisms. Flame Resistant (FR) The characteristic of a fabric to resist ignition and to self extinguish if ignited. Flammability The ability of a material or product to burn with a flame under specified test conditions. Hydrophilic Water loving; having a high degree of moisture absorption or attraction. Hydrophobic Water repelling; having a low degree of moisture absorption or attraction. Resiliency Ability of a fabric to return to its original shape after compressing, bending or other deformation. Reusable Protective Clothing Garments which are capable of withstanding a maintenance procedure to remove soil and other contaminants yet retain the garments protective characteristic. Stoll Curve Developed by Alice Stoll in 1960s it is used in many tests to predict the thermal protective performance of textile materials for FR apparel. It is essentially a plot of thermal energy and time predicted to cause a pain sensation, or a second degree burn, in human tissue. Waterproof Ability of a fabric to be fully resistant to penetration by water. Example: rain coat. History Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks collection. The production of textiles is an important craft, whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Incans have been crafting quipus (or khipus) made of fibres either from a protein, such as spun and plied thread like wool or hair from camelids such as alpacas, llamas and camels or from a cellulose like cotton for thousands of years. Khipus are a series of knots along pieces of string. They have been believed to only have acted as a form of accounting, although new evidence conducted by Harvard professor, Gary Urton, indicates there may be more to the khipu than just numbers. Preservation of khipus found in museum and archive collections follow general textile preservation principles and practice. Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction. Sources and types [Traditional Romanian fabric] Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials come from four main sources: animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas. The relative thickness of fibres in cloth is measured in deniers. Microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier. Animal textiles Animal textiles are commonly made from hair or fur. Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with an oil known as lanolin, which is waterproof and dirtproof. Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn which is spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicuà ±a wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit. Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in Scandinavia, mostly 1000~1500CE. Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm. This is spun into a smooth, shiny fabric prized for its sleek texture. Silk Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibres triangular prism-like structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles. Silk is also the strongest natural fiber known to man. The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared. Since the cocoon is made of one strand, if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long. Wool Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep, but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, alpacas, and rabbits may also be called wool. Alpaca Alpaca fiber is that of an alpaca. It is warmer than sheeps wool and lighter in weight. It is soft, fine, glossy, and luxurious. The thickness of quality fiber is between 12-29 micrometres. Most alpaca fiber is white, but it also comes in various shades of brown and black. Angora Angora wool or Angora fiber refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. Angora is prized for its softness, thin fibers of around 12-16 micrometres for quality fiber, and what knitters refer to as a halo (fluffiness). The fiber felts very easily. Angora fiber comes in white, black, and various shades of brown. Cashmere Cashmere wool is wool obtained from the Cashmere goat. Cashmere is characterized by its luxuriously soft fibers, with high napability and loft. In order for a natural goat fiber to be considered Cashmere, it must be under 18.5 micrometers in diameter and be at least 3.175 centimeters long. It is noted as providing a natural light-weight insulation without bulk. Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns, and light to heavy-weight fabrics. Sheeps wool Wool has two qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it has scales which overlap like shingles on a roof and it is crimped; in some fleeces the wool fibers have more than 20 bends per inch. Wool varies in diameter from below 17 micrometres to over 35 micrometres The finer the wool, the softer it will be, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling. Plant textiles Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making rope. In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized. Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and sacking. Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok. Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper. Cotton, flax, jute, hemp and modal are all used in clothing. Pià ±a (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fabrics such as cotton. Acetate is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas. Seaweed is used in the production of textiles. A water-soluble fibre known as alginate is produced and is used as a holding fibre; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area Tencel is a man-made fabric derived from wood pulp. It is often described as a man-made silk equivalent and is a tough fabric which is often blended with other fabrics cotton for example. Mineral textiles or vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, transite panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets. Glass Fibre is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction. Synthetic textiles [A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton.] All synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing. Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton. Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armor. Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them. Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope and outdoor clothing. Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, so that peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer in a process analogous to polypeptide biopolymers. Chemical elements included are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. . The most common variant is nylon 6-6 which refers to the fact that the diamine (hexamethylene diamine) and the diacid (adipic acid) each donate 6 carbons to the polymer chain. Spandex (trade name Lycra) is a polyurethane fibre that stretches easily and can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits. Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name Tyvek. Ingeo is a polylactide fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration The most common types of microfibers are made from polyesters, polyamides (nylon), and or a conjugation of polyester and polyamide.The shape, size and combinations of synthetic fibers are selected for specific characteristics, including: softness, durability, absorption, wicking abilities, water repellency, electrodynamics, and filtering capabilities. Names Characteristics Major Domestic and Industrial Uses ACETATE Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast-drying Shrink-, moth-, and mildew-resistant Apparel: Blouses, dresses, and foundation garments. lingerie, linings, shirts, slacks, sportswear. Fabrics: Brocade, crepe, double knits, faille, knitted jerseys, lace, satin, taffeta, tricot. Home Furnishings:Draperies, upholstery. Other:Cigarette filters, fiberfill for pillows, quilted products ACRYLIC Soft and warm Wool-like Retains shape Resilient Quick-drying Resistant to moths, sunlight, oil and chemicals Apparel:Dresses, infant wear, knitted garments, ski wear, socks, sportswear, sweaters. Fabrics:Fleece and pile fabrics, face fabrics in bonded fabrics, simulated furs, jerseys. Home Furnishings:Blankets. carpets, draperies, upholstery. Other:Auto tops, awnings, hand-knitting and craft yarns, industrial and geotextile fabrics. ARAMID Does not melt Highly flame-resistant High strength High resistance to stretch Maintains its shape and form at high temperatures Hot-gas filtration fabrics, protective clothing, military helmets, protective vests, structural composites for aircraft and boats, sailcloth, tires, ropes and cables, mechanical rubber goods, marine and sporting goods. MELAMINE White and dyeable Flame resistance and low thermal conductivity High heat dimensional stability Process able on standard textile equipment Fire Blocking Fabrics:Aircraft seating, fire blockers for upholstered furniture in high-risk occupancies (e.g., to meet California TB 133 requirements) Protective Clothing:Firefightersturnout gear, insulating thermal liners, knit hoods, molten metal splash apparel. NAMES CHARACTERSTICS USES NYLON Exceptionally strong Supple Abrasion-resistant Lustrous Easy to wash Resists damage from oil and many chemicals Resilient Low in moisture absorbency Apparel:Blouses, dresses, foundation garments, hosiery, lingerie and underwear, raincoats, ski and snow apparel, suits, windbreakers. Home Furnishings: Bedspreads, carpets, draperies, curtains, upholstery. Other: Air hoses, conveyor and seat belts, parachutes, racket strings, ropes and nets, sleeping bags, tarpaulins, tents, thread, tire cord, geotextiles. OLEFIN Unique wicking properties that make it very comfortable Abrasion-resistant Quick-drying Resistant to deterioration from chemicals, mildew, perspiration, rot, and weather Sensitive to heat Soil resistant Strong; very lightweight Excellent colorfastness Apparel: Pantyhose, underwear, knitted sports shirts, mens half hose, mens knitted sportswear, sweaters. Home Furnishings:Carpet and carpet backing, slipcovers, upholstery. Other:Dye nets, filter fabrics, laundry and sandbags, geotextiles, automotive interiors, cordage, doll hair, industrial sewing thread. POLYESTER Strong Resistant to stretching and shrinking Resistant to most chemicals Quick-drying Crisp and resilient when wet or dry Wrinkle- and abrasion-resistant Retains heat-set pleats and creases Easy to wash Apparel:Blouses, shirts, career apparel, childrens wear, dresses, half hose, insulated garments, ties, lingerie and underwear, permanent press garments, slacks, suits. Home Furnishings:Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets and pillow cases. Other:Fiberfill for various products, fire hose, power belting, ropes and nets, tire cord, sail, V-belts. PBI Highly flame resistant Outstanding comfort factor combined with thermal and chemical stability properties Will not burn or melt Low shrinkage, when exposed to flame. Suitable for high-performance protective apparel such as firemens turnout coats, astronaut space suits and applications where fire resistance is important. NAMES CHARACTERISTICS USES RAYON Highly absorbent Soft and comfortable Easy to dye Versatile Good drapability Apparel: Blouses, coats, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery. rainwear, slacks, sports shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes. Home Furnishings:Bedspreads, blankets, carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slipcovers, tablecloths, upholstery. Other: Industrial products, medical, surgical products, non-woven products, tire cord. SPANDEX Can be stretched 500 percent without breaking Can be stretched repeatedly and recover original length Light-weight Stronger and more durable than rubber Resistant to body oils Articles (where stretch is desired):Athletic apparel, bathing suits, delicate laces, foundation garments, golf jackets, ski pants, slacks, support and surgical hose. Production Methods:- Textile Manufacturing:- The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest of human technologies. In order to make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fibre from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. (Both fibre and fiber are used in this article.) The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, which turns yarn into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of colouring yarn or the finished material is dyeing. For more information of the various steps, see textile manufacturing.. Typical textile processing includes 4 stages: yarn formation, fabric formation, wet processing, and fabrication. The three main types of fibers include natural vegetable fibers (such as cotton, linen, jute and hemp), man-made fibers (those made artificially, but from natural raw materials such as rayon, acetate, Modal, cupro, and the more recently developed Lyocell), synthetic fibers (a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals rather than arising from natural chemicals by a purely physical process) and protein based fi 1. Hand processing: yarn formation Wool Flax 2. Machine Processing: yarn formation Cotton Cotton Gin Picking Carding Combining the Slivers Spinning Plying Yucca Leaf to Rolag 3. Hand Processing- Fabric Formation Knitting Crochet Lace Weaving Loom Process 4HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation#Machine_processing:_fabric_formationMachine processing: fabric formation Knitting Lace Weaving 5HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Decoration#Decoration HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Decoration#DecorationDecoration Dyeing 5.2HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Bleaching#Bleaching HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Bleaching#BleachingBleaching 5.3HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Embroidery#Embroidery HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Embroidery#EmbroideryEmbroidery Textile printing Design for a hand woodblock printed textile, showing the complexity of the blocks used to make repeating patterns. Evenlode by William Morris, 1883. Evenlode block-printed fabric. Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fiber, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns. In printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved plates, rollers, or silkscreens are used to place colours on the fabric. Colourants used in printing contain dyes thickened to prevent the colour from spreading by capillary attraction beyond the limits of the pattern or design. Traditional textile printing techniques may be broadly categorised into four styles: Direct printing, in which colourants containing dyes, thickeners, and the mordants or substances necessary for fixing the colour on the cloth are printed in the desired pattern. The printing of a mordant in the desired pattern prior to dyeing cloth; the color adheres only where the mordant was printed. Resist dyeing, in which a wax or other substance is printed onto fabric which is subsequently dyed. The waxed areas do not accept the dye, leaving uncoloured patterns against a coloured ground. Discharge printing, in which a bleaching agent is printed onto previously dyed fabrics to remove some or all of the colour. Resist and discharge techniques were particularly fashionable in the 19th century, as were combination techniques in which indigo resist was used to create blue backgrounds prior to block-printing of other colours. Most modern industrialised printing uses direct printing techniques. Textile recycling Textile recycling is the method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material and clothing scraps from the manufacturing process. Textiles in municipal solid waste are found mainly in discarded clothing, although other sources include furniture, carpets, tires, footwear, and nondurable goods such as sheets and towels. Textiles and leather recycling categories Cotton Recycling Wool Recycling Burlap, Jute and Sisal Recycling Polyurethane Foam Recycling Polyester and Polyester Fiber Recycling Nylon and Nylon Fiber Recycling Other Synthetic Fiber Recycling Carpet Recycling Rags and Wipers Used and Recycled Bags Used Clothing Used Footwear Leather Recycling Textile Recycling Employment Statistics Year Percent of textile recovered in the U.S. 1960 2.8% 1980 6.3% 2005 15.3% Textile preservation Textile preservation refers to the processes by which textiles are cared for and maintained to be preserved from future damage. The field falls under the category of art conservation as well as library preservation, depending on the type of collection. In this case, the concept of textile preservation applies to a wide range of artifacts, including tapestries, carpets, quilts, clothing, flags and curtains, as well as objects which contain textiles, such as upholstered furniture, dolls, and accessories such as fans, parasols, gloves and hats or bonnets. Many of these artifacts require specialized care, often by a professional conservator. Treatments [Embroidered skirts by the Alfaro-Nà ¹Ãƒ ±ez family of Cochas, Peru, using traditional Peruvian embroidery production methods.] Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every colour. Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours , adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery), creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dye), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached. In this process, the original colour of the textile is removed by chemicals or exposure to sunlight, turning the textile pale or white. Textiles are sometimes finished by chemical processes to change their characteristics More recently, nanomaterials research has led to additional advancements, with companies such as Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments based on metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Fabric Care Admittedly, laundry is not a beloved chore. The trick is to make clothes care fast and efficient, yet thorough. Poor care shortens the lifespan of apparel. Cutting corners in the laundry room only means spending more time in the dressing room, which wastes both time and money. Science Delivers Smarter Washers and Dryers Consumers seek a lot of performance from their appliances. They want the best possible clothing care in the least amount of time. Some people want precise control over each load, college students just want to pack as much into each load and get the chore done quickly. Engineering advancements have reduced energy and water consumption while improving clothing care from washers and dryers. CCRC studies emerging equipment technologies to evaluate their impact on fabric care and wash chemistries. Using a variety of instruments, Over by can determine what kind of finish was used on a fabric, how much was applied, the fiber content of a fabric, and the effects that these and any number of other factors might have had on a sample. More often than not, Over by can offer specific reasons for a diversity of problems. Uses Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and containers such as bags and baskets. In the household, they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, covering for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art. In the workplace, they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, cleaning devices, such as handkerchiefs; transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes; strengthening in composite materials such as fibre glass and industrial geotextiles, and smaller cloths are used in washing by soaping up the cloth and washing with it rather than using just soap. Textiles used for industrial purposes, and chosen for characteristics other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), a